lower income households were more likely to develop relatively high credit card balances ($7,000 or more) as compared with their peers. These fndings suggest that
perhaps such students did not have as much experience in fnancial markets as their peers from middle- and high-income families.
Several studies have linked attitudes toward credit with credit behavior in several studies. Higher affective credit attitude scores (using measures such as “my credit card makes me feel happy,” or “I like using my credit card”) have been associated with students carrying an outstanding balance on multiple cards (Hayhoe, Leach, Turner, Bruin, & Lawrence, 2000). Similarly, Xiao, Noring, and Ander-son (1995) and Joo, Grable, and Bagwell (2003) found that a positive attitude toward credit cards was associated with card ownership and use. Chien and DeVaney (2001) noted a positive connection between attitudes towards credit and the likelihood of carrying a balance. After examining credit card attitudes among undergraduates in Britain and America, Yang, James, and Lester (2005) concluded that affective and behavioral attitude scores were the strongest predictors of the number of credit cards owned. Interestingly, they noted that those who had more positive attitudes toward money in general also exhibited greater obsession with money.
Hayhoe, Leach, and Turner (1999) developed a scale
measure of money attitudes using survey participant’s responses to statements about feelings, knowledge, and behavior related to credit cards and debt. Evaluating the re-本文来自优.文~论^文·网原文请找腾讯32,49114
lationship between this measure and college student credit card behavior, they found that students’ scores regarding money attitudes of obsession and retention and affective credit attitudes distinguished between the students who did and did not have credit cards (Hayhoe et al., 1999). Attitudinal scores also distinguished between students who had less than three credit cards and those with four or more and were signifcant predictors of who, among students with cards, would carry four or more credit cards.
百威包装车间实习总结 There seems to be some “class rank” effects in credit card
behavior. A study by Nellie Mae (2002), a nonproft student loan provider, found slightly more than half of fresh-men (54%) had a credit card. Freshmen also had the lowest average number of cards (2.5) and average debt ($1,533). The numbers of cardholders rose with class rank, however. Ninety-two percent of sophomores had a card; for seniors the percentage was ninety-six. From sophomore to senior year, the average number of cards held was successively larger, changing from 3.67 to 4.50 to 6.13, respectively. Average debt levels were larger for higher levels of class rank as well. The average debt of seniors ($3,262) was more than double that of freshmen (Nellie Mae, 2002).
Similar to seniors, 96% of graduate students reported owning at least one card; on average, they had 6 credit cards. At $7,831 per student in 2003, the average credit card debt of graduate students was much higher than that of undergraduates. The average level of credit card debt among graduate students in 2003 was almost $3,000 higher than reported in 1998 (Nellie Mae, 2007). One in four graduate students 本文来自优.文~论^文·网原文请找腾讯324,9114
with credit card debt in 2003 had balances between $6,000 and $15,000, about the same proportion observed in 1998. Fifteen percent had a balance over $15,000, over twice the proportion seen in 1998 (Nellie Mae, 2007).
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