交替传译中短时记忆的训练方法及特点 第4页
There are some rules to take note in interpreting. Firstly, the main is to remember, the minor is to take notes. Secondly, the notes should show the structure and logic of speech clearly. Thirdly, proper nouns are the necessary information to note including numbers, names, dates and so on. Fourthly, one had better use some brief symbols and signs placing the whole word to save time. Finally, the size of paper must be proper to hand avoiding too big.
3.2.3 Short-term Memory
Short-term memory is one type of memory, and compared with long-term memory, its time to store information listened is quite short, which is 30 seconds at most. Peterson (1995) put forward that the time of short-term memory is about 6~12 seconds, while Atkinson, Shiffrin (1968) and Hebb (1949) 30 seconds. In real interpreting occasion, the time would be shorter. After a task, an interpreter often would begin another, so what the interpreter listens is unnecessary to remember for a long time. All in all, with its limitation in storage time and quantity of information, the short-term memory plays an important role in interpreting. And how to train a good short-term memory is the main work in training an interpreter. This is also the main topic of this paper, and will be introduced in details in the rest part.
3.2.4 Coordination
Coordination refers to compound and adjustment of the information from original language, which is the last step of interpreting. Coordination is not a kind of work quite easy to do, in which some aspects must be considered. The first one is that the coordinated sentences should be smooth, clear and easy-understanding to the target listeners. In general, as the target is different from the original in structure of sentences, the final expression should be in accordance with the target. The second one is that the cultural factor must be considered because the different kinds of culture affect their languages with different favors and different taboos which are the vital parts in languages, especially the influence of region being more obvious than it in Chinese. Besides, there are other aspects will appearing in interpreting which would be foreseen for an interpreter in coordination.
4 Interpreting and Memory
4.1 Memory
In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing the memory. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century, people put memory within the paradigms of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a branch of science called cognitive neuroscience, an interdisciplinary link between cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
In the time of ancient Greece, some philosopher, such as Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle, put forward their concepts of memory phenomenon. However, the real study of memory scientifically began at the publishment of On Memory written by H. Ebbinghaus in 1885. 优/文^论'文.网
http://www.youerw.comAt the end of 19th century, James proposed Dualism, which means that there are two memory systems, one is the primary memory which was just the reaction of those are felt right now; another is the second memory which is permanent.
The study of memory shows that there are several aspects affecting the memory fragments. The first is the experience. These memory fragments are really the organizing and recoding. If an interpreter wants to organize or record the information he has listened, he would know some things about this information. According to the differences of everyone’s background-knowledge, the methods of fragments organizing are different. One can form the fragments with semantic knowledge and syntax rules stored by long-term memory so as to promote the short-term memory. The second one is the characteristics of information. It means that the easy-structured material is smaller in memory capacity than complex-structured material.
4.2 Memory Mechanism in Interpreting
It is agreed among psychologists that there are three different memory systems within the overall system of remembering and recalling information: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. These three memory systems are also thought of as stages in the sequence of processing information. They differ not only in how much information they can hold and how long they can hold, but also in how they
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