职业经理人英文参考文献及翻译 第3页
1．The Course of Professional Manager Came Into Being and Its Development
Professional manager first appeared in America，and has developed worldwide. The development of professional manager was linked tightly with the development of management science．From middle period of the 18th century to initial decades of the 19th century, western countries’productivity was relatively low．The social cooperation degree of producing and managing was not high．The size of the enterprises was smaller．The enterprise business scope was narrower and the technology was lower．Such enterprise system that the enterprise owner and operator were unified became the enterprise system mode that was generally adopted at that time．From the beginning of the seventies to the nineties of the 19th，the development of productivity accelerated the socialization of production．The size of enterprises was expanded constantly. The owners of enterprise increased greatly through stages of single owner, partnership owners and shareholder. The management of enterprise became complicated with many scientific and technological achievements been used widely in production．To pursue the maximum of economic benefit，the owners of enterprise gave up directly controlling and managing the enterprise and looked for the suitable professional manager to operate the enterprise．In 1933，American scholars，Berle an d Means analyzed 200 American companies．They found managers without stock right of the company had controlled accounting for 44％ of total amount of companies and 58％ of company’s property．Therefore they draw the conclusion that with the development of modem company the separation between ownership and control power had already taken place．The company had been controlled by the controller group， which was composed of professional managers．A kind of new enterprise system that the enterprise was controlled by manager’s stratum had risen too．The enterprise that adopted this kind of system was 原文请找腾讯752018766优.文-论;文.网
http://www.youerw.com called management revolution by J．Burnham for the first time in 1941．Western management revolution formed progressively through different developing stages in a long period with the change of enterprise’s system．Its development course had passed by more than 120 years from the first enterprise of manager control formed in Massachusetts State of American in 1841 to the sixties of the 20th century．The main sign that western management revolution finished was that professional manager’s stratum had formed under the keen competition of market economy．With the development of western education，especially the development of the MBA education，which aims at training professional managers，the professional manager’s team develops rapidly and it is playing an important role in international economy．People have generally acknowledged the status of professional manager in enterprises．
2 The Concept of Professional Manager
In domestic and international researches，different professional manager’s definitions have been provided．
Peter F. Drucker defined professional manager the person who had responsibility for the performance of enterprises．
Paul A Samuelson was one of the economists who put forward the professional manager’s concept earlier．In the book of Economics he narrated as follows：Who determines the affairs of the company? It is decided by the increasingly important professional manager’s stratum mainly．In one and an other companies，the initial founders have been replaced gradually by the new-type managers．The new-type manager is often the graduate of Business College of Harvard University, and he is not promoted from the team through his own struggling．He has already possessed the special training and technology to man age enterprises．
Schumpeter considered the professional manager a leader of the social development；its function was to innovate．
Famous economist Yushi Mao of China thinks：The professional manager is qualified personnel in management field．He is well mannered and with strong will and high principle in heart．He knows how to
compromise and seek the interests with the cooperator．
Synthesizing above-mentioned views，combining the main function and the development trend of professional managers，this paper defines professional managers as follow：They are special employees in
enterprises．Under the modem enterprise system，in order to develop further, the enterprise looks for them through the intermediary agency or trains them inside the enterprise．The agreement relation of both sides restricts them. They possess part control power of the enterprise，recombine and utilize existing resources through their knowledge and management ability．They can replace the enterprise owners to perform making decision，supervising an d examining etc．上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页
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