GOVERNMENT BUDGET (APPROPRIATION ACT)
Budget is a written future plan of actions based on projected revenue. In government in particular, the budget is viewed as the principal means of securing accountability and control over the use of public funds. Government budgets contains the annual estimates of capital and recurrent expenditures and revenues of the government since the government is expected to restrict its financial sourcing and spending on the plan contained in the budget.
Over the years, Nigerian governments, civilian or military, have been making annual financial planning in the form of a budget also as to regulate their financial activities for the achievement of national goals and objectives. For a civilian government, there are usually some constitutional provisions empowering the legislative body to grant approval on modifications to both the capital and recurrent expenditure and revenue estimates before any funds can be expended or collected. The Executive undertakes the execution of the budget in relation to the collection of revenues and disbursement of public funds. At the end of a financial year, the actual results (in the
form of Accountant-General Reports) have to be measured and released for comparison with Budgeted results, so that appropriate actions could be taken on the
variance that might arise. This has not been possible in Nigeria because of the
reporting problem already mentioned in this paper.
Military governments usually have military councils: Armed Forces Ruling Council, Provisional Ruling Council, Supreme Military Council (AFRC, or PRC, SMC) that perform the same budgetary approval work as the National Assembly in the civilian government. But the councils are not made up of representatives of the people – rather, members are representing their military formations. They don't subject the budget estimates to much scrutiny, as the civilian representatives would do. This, again, means no control.
APPROPRIATION ACT OR DECREE
The President for the payment issue or withdrawal of money prepares an appropriation bill from Consolidated Revenue Fund or any other government fund. An appropriation bill when passed into law by the legislature (or military council) and endorsed by the President is called an Appropriation Act or Decree. The Appropriation Act or Decree is enacted annually to本文来自优.文,论~文^网原文请找腾讯324,9114 to be incurred, both capital and recurrent. The problem with the bill is that it is always about estimates made on the basis of incrementalism. Incremental billing is irrational, non-comprehensive and subjective. These characteristics are normally transferred by the proposed bill and its resulting Act or Decree into the actual functioning of the economy and its managers.
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