Production  of  citric  acid  in the United  States from  1914 to  1935 is  shown  in Table 11.  The latter figures show  the  total  production  of  citric acid  for  sale which  in- cludes  that manufactured  from  domestic and imported  cal- cium  citrate,  imported concentrated  lemon juice,  and  that produced  from sugar by fermentation. Separate production figures for  the fermentation citric acid are not available since the manufacture is limited to one company. The rapid increase in acid production in 1923 and 1925 was not  entirely due  to our  increased  output  of  citrus materials and production of  fermentation acid; during  this  time large quantities  of  concentrated  lemon juice  were  imported  for acid manufacture,  since  this item  remained  duty-free under the Tariff Act of  1922.  The import figures shown in Table I do not  include shipments of  concentrated  lemon juice.  The 1929 revision of  the Tariff Act  imposes a duty of  5  cents per pound  on  such concentrated  juices unfit for beverage  pur- poses so that these imports are now negligible.
The first successful commercial development of  the fermen- tation citric acid  process was  achieved  in the United  States and  as later  events proved  it  came  at an  opportyne  time. Although some acid was probably  produced  by  this method in the United States as early as 1919, production in amounts sufficient  to meet  an  appreciable portion  of  the  domestic demand did  not  occur  until  1923.  In  1927  the  Italian Government,  in order  to encourage greater home production of  citric acid, placed an embargo on exports of  calcium citrate to  all manufacturers outside  of  Italy.  The principal  citric acid producing countries at that  time, England, France, and the  United  States,  were  suddenly  cut  off  from supplies  of raw material;  if  it had  not  been  for  the development of  the new  process,  consumers  in  this country  would  have  been placed  in a difficult situation and forced to pay much higher prices for citric acid.  Despite the  fact that no calcium citrate was imported during 1928 and 1929, our domestic production of  citric  acid  rose  to  over  10,000,000 pounds in  1929.  Pro- duction of  the natural product during this year probably did not  exceed  3,500,000 pounds,  so  that  the  fermentation  in- dustry  furnished  about  two-thirds  of  the  total  or  approxi- mately  7,000,000 pounds.  The United  States thus  became independent of  foreign citrate  supplies  and,  for  a  few  years after  1927,  exported  large  quantities  of  calcium  citrate, chiefly  to England  (44).  In 1933 exports of  calcium citrate totaled  8,035,957  pounds  ($496,521)  of  which  8,025,467 pounds  ($496,083) were shipped  to England.  Exports since 1935 have fallen  off  sharply, largely because of  the develop- ment  of  the  fermentation  process in England, our  increased domestic consumption,  and  the  International  Citric  Acid agreement  between  Italy,  England,  France,  Belgium,  and Czechoslovakia.  This  agreement which  is  valid  until  1939 was  established  to  regulate exports  and strengthen  prices and, according to  consular reports, has successfully achieved its  objectives.  The  details  of  the  pact are not  generally known, but Italy is  reported  to have an export quota  of  38 per cent of  the total figure set for exports. The figures in Table  I1 show production  of  citric acid  for sale  in  this country  only,  so  that  the decreased  production in  1931  and  1933  is  only  apparent,  because  during  these years  large amounts of  the  fermentation  acid produced were converted to calcium citrate for export. European Situation since 1928 The  Italian  citric acid  industry  was reorganized entirely during 1928 in order to bring about more satisfactory conditions  and  to  increase  home  production  of  citric  acid (45,  48)-  A  common  sales organization,  known  as  the C. I. F. A.  C.  (Consorzio Italian0  Fabbriche  Acido  Citrica), was  formed  to  control production  and  sales.  Under  the agreement citric  acid  manufacture  was  centered under two concerns, the Arenella at Palermo and  the Sada-Bosurgi at  Messina.  The  agreement,  likewise,  covered  the  dis- tribution of  calcium citrate, controlled by  the Camera Agru- maria of Messina.  The C. I. F. A. C. obtained first call on all supplies of  the raw material held by the Camera Agrumaria, and  only when  its needs were  satisfied  was  any surplus ex- ported.  Italian  exports  of  citric  acid  thus  rose  to an  all- time  high  in  1928  as  a  result  of  increased  production  but declined  rapidly  in  the following years  because of  increased foreign  competition resulting  from the  development  of  the fermentation  process  in  the  United  States  and  in  Europe. Table I11 shows Italian production  and exports of  citric acid and  calcium  citrate  for the period  1920-36.  For  a number of  reasons  the Italian  citric acid  industry  is  at present  in  a state  of  flux.  The  introduction  of  improved  methods  of -production has been deferred;  and because of  a  recent crop shortage  which necessitated  imports  of  biological calcium citrate, there have been reports that manufacture of  fermen- tation  acid  would be  undertaken.  The  severe competition introduced  by  commercial development of  the fermentation process may  spell  the  eventual  doom  of  the natural  citric acid industry  in Italy. The  sharp curtailment  of  exports  of  calcium citrate  from Italy as a result of  the 1928 reorganization agreement seemed to  stimulate efforts  in other countries in  the development of the  fermentation  process.  Perhaps  this  would  have taken place regardless of  the Italian situation, but  the rapid develop- ment  in  the  United  States,  Belgium, Czechoslovakia,  and Great Britain about  this time  was  undoubtedly  influenced a great deal by  the rigid  control of  raw material supplies by Italy. ITALY. TABLE  111.  ITALIAN  PRODUCTION  AND  EXPORTS  OF  CITRIC ACID  AND  CALCIUM CITRATEO -Calcium Citrate-  --  Citric Acid- Year  Production Exports Production Exports Thousands of  pounds  7 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1935 1936 12,449 16,733 15,789 11,003 10,018 b b b b 19,350 19,879 8,322 10,132 3,587 5,036 1,455 4,150 2,660 2,200 3847 4158 0063 4299 3371 3479 4257 4544 7358 400.5 Q  Production figures are  for the Italian  calcium citrate  season, Nov.  1  to b  Figures  not available. Oat. 30.  Export figures are  for  the  calendar year. BELGIUM.  One  of  the  early  attempts  to  produce citric acid was  made  at Tirlemont,  Belgium,  in  1914,  but  until 1927 the amount of  acid produced in this plant was insignifi- cant.  The firm, LaCitrique Belge S. A.,  is a member of  the European  citric  acid  cartel. Citric  acid  was  not  produced in  quantities  sufficient  to  become  a  factor in  export  trade until 1927.  The present production capacity  is  not  known, but  in  1931  it was  estimated at 1,650,000 pounds, and  1933 over  2,000,000  pounds  were  exported.  Export  data  are shown  in Table  IV.  It  has  been  reported  (45)  that  the Italian  producer, Arenella, owns  an  80  per cent  interest  in the Tirlemont Company. MARCH, 1938  INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY  257 GERMANY.  Production  of  citric  acid  in Germany  is  cen- tered  in two firms, C. K. Boehringer & Soehne G. m. b. H. at Nieder-Ingelheim  am Rhein,  and Chemische Fabrik J. A. Benclriser G. m. b. H. at Ludwigshafen am Rhein.  According to recent consular reports, neither of  these firms manufactures citric  acid  by  fermentation.  The  entire production  of  acid is  due  to  conversion  of  imported  biological  and  natural calciurn  citrate.  Imports  of  citric acid  declined  from  770 metric  tons  in  1932  to  119  in  1935;  exports  rose  from  16 metric tons  in 1933 to 204 in 1934, but declined to 75 in 1935. Germany does not participate directly in the European citric acid cartel. TABLE  IV.  EUROPEAN  EXPORTS  OF  CITRIC  ACID 1927  1929  1931  1933  1935 7  Metric  tons  > Italy  1908  2803  1821  1960  16iO England  439  1069  1391  1711 Belgium  26  20  874  1217  a None None  370  518  577  Czechoslovakia Germany France  229  93  130  (1 a  Figures not available. a  39  17  75 l6  a CZECHOSLOVAKIA.  Production of  citric acid from molasses by  fermentation  in  Czechoslovakia  was  started  in  1930. According  to reports  of  the Department of  Commerce  (45), the production  capacity of  the original  plant was 240 metric tons annually, but  this has  increased  rapidly.  In 1936 pro- duction totaled  911 metric  tons  or approximately  2,000,000 pounds;  729 metric  tons were  exported.  Imports  of  citric acid which  totaled 44 metric  tons in 1929 are now negligible. The sole  producer  of  citric acid  in 柠檬酸工业英文文献和中文翻译(2):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_30316.html