Czechoslovakia, Montan und  Industrialwerke (vorm.  J. D.  Starck)  of  Prague,. par- ticipates  in the European Citric Acid  Agreement,  but  infor- mation  regarding  the export  quota assigned is not available. One  of  the  five  countries  participating  in the European citric acid cartel is France, although no citric acid is  produced  by  the  fermentation  process.  Manufacture  of citric acid from imported  calcium citrate  (9) is carried on by the  Anciens  etablissements  Mante  &  Cie  at  Marseilles. Formerly  large  quantities  of  calcium  citrate  and  citric  acid were imported  from Italy.  In 1930 France became the prin- cipal Italian outlet for calcium citrate owing to the loss of  the American  and  British  markets  for  this  product,  but  after 1931 imports of  the raw material from Italy declined rapidly. Imports of  citric  acid  from  Italy totaled  520 metric  tons in 1928, but in 1933 had declined to 112.  Export data in Table IV  for  the  period  1927-31  show  that  during  those years French exports were not appreciable. Up  to  1928  Great  Britain  was  one  of the chief  markets  for  Italian  calcium  citrate,  but,  owing  to the uncertainty  regarding citrate supplies, American  calcium citrate largely replaced  the Italian product during the period 1928-36.  However,  the  loss  to Italy  of  this  important market  was largely  compensated  for  by  increased  exports of  citric acid  to England. British  imports of  citric acid  and calcium  citrate  have  declined  rapidly during  the  past  few years  owing  to  the greatly  increased domestic production  of the  fermentation product.  Two companies, Kemball,+Bishop and  Company  Ltd.,  at  London,  and John and  E.  Sturge Ltd.,  at Birmingham, now produce citric acid by the tation process, and it is believed that the production is sufficient  to  meet  the  domestic  demand.  Th s quota assigned  to these producers under  the European ic Acid Agreement has not been announced. ER  COUNTRIES. An  intensive  study  of  the  citric fermentation  process  has  been  made  during  the  past The  reported semiplant- FRANCE. GREAT  BRITAIN. years  in  Russia  (29, 31,  40). scale  work  there  indicates  that  commercial  operation  is  in pogress,  although  the  production capacity  is  not  known. Production of  the fermentation acid on a small scale in Japan has been carried on for some time, and recent reports indicate that an expansion of  existing fecilities for  the production of  a million pounds annually is contemplated. Mycological Production of Citric Acid The production of  citric acid  from sugars by mold fermen- tation  was first discovered  by  Wehmer  (60)  about  1893. Since  that  time  the  process  has  been  intensively studied, particularly with  respect  to citric  acid  formation by various species of  fungi,  the various factors which influence the  fer- mentation,  and the  highly  interesting  mechanism  of  the conversion  from sugar  to  citric acid  in which  a  branched- chain structure exists. It is not intended here to mention all of  the vast amount of work which has been  done on the mycological production  of citric acid but to point out some of  the more important  con- tributions to  the subject.  More complete  references will be found in the bibliography of  Fulmer  and Werkman (26) and in the works of  Bernhauer  柠檬酸工业英文文献和中文翻译(3):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_30316.html