As opposed to ecological network approach, the resurgence of regionalism in the United States has led to an alternative response. Since the 1990s, public policy at the federal and state levels has favored the growth of bioregionally-focused conservation and restoration approaches. These policies have emphasized the plan as a tool that blends natural resource management and conservation science into the planning process. This approach is called conservation planning, closely related to its older cousin, landscape planning. One of the major differences between the two is that conservation planning places a much stronger emphasis on biopersity and wildlife habitat issues, and occurs most often in places where wide open spaces are still relatively common-such as exurban, rural, and public lands. In this special issue, one of the leaders in the field of conservation planning, Craig Groves (The Nature Conservancy), reviews ways that scientifically-based processes and methods can be used by landscape architects and planners to establish regional conservation priorities. Based on his years of experience with the Nature Conservancy and Wildlife Conservation Society, his perspective emphasizes biopersity, and raises important questions and issues that need more attention in landscape architecture and planning. Although this approach has much to offer, one of the weaknesses of the Nature Conservancy's eco-regional planning process is that metropolitan landscape issues typically have not been well addressed. However, as the Nature Conservancy begins to focus more on the impact of regional population growth on biopersity conservation and habitat fragmentation, this critique less relevant.

  The final two articles both relate to each other as well as the challenges Groves is raising. Building on the conservation and biopersity themes raised by Groves, lames Miller (Iowa State University) emphasizes conserving biopersity in more urbanized landscapes. This is an emerging area of concern in conservation biology and landscape ecology that falls within the scale and scope of projects that landscape architects and planners more typically address. Miller reviews impediment that may affect the application of science in urban habitat conservation, makes recommendations for improvements, and presents a framework for collaborative learning. His article leaves us with questions about the role of scientific research in sustainability and landscape design of cities: How will landscape architecture respond to new research about urban ecosystems? Will this new research inform designers and encourage the design process to become more adaptive and responsive to ecological time and vegetation change?

  The article by Joan Woodward (California State Polytechnic University at Pomona) about urban landscape rejuvenation in Los Angeles's lost spaces, starts to address these questions. Woodward also demonstrates how ecological design can be the source of new concepts about urban landscape design. Her case study is an excellent example of how changes in the pedagogy of site design studio can inspire both students and neighborhood residents to be proactive about landscape change. Her approach also demonstrates how the design process can become more responsive to urban vegetation conditions by integrating ideas about resiliency and adaptation. A unique feature of Woodward's approach is to encourage her students to integrate landscape function—including the spontaneity of human actions—into their design solutions.

FUTURE PROSPECTS

  Let me close by suggesting a few final thoughts about how translational research can be used to address problems of metropolitan landscape ecology. First, the design of the metropolitan landscape is becoming an increasingly important topic in the ecological sciences. For many years, landscape architects, architects, planners, and geographers were the only ones interested in urban ecology, and many ecologists were only interested in the study of pristine environments. This idea is no longer true, or certainly not to the extent that it once was. Worldwide, urban ecology is becoming more organized, an important development that will undoubtedly reshape science, design, and planning in new and unexpected ways. 城市景观生态英文文献和中文翻译(5):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_51862.html