Fig。 3 shows that the EENS increases rapidly as the load increases。 In order to maintain system reliability, conventional capacity is added into the system。 In this example, assume the
L is the frequency of line related failure,
occurrence/year/mile, normally is given in per 100 miles;
L is the length of a line, mile;
rL is the mean duration of line related failure, hour/occurrence;
T is the frequency of terminal related failure,
occurrence/year;
rT is the mean duration of terminal related failure, hour/occurrence;
T is the hours of a cycle, e。g。 8760 hours of a year。
D。Benefit/cost assessment of de-rated transmission upgrade
The benefit of using de-rated transmission mainly is the saving on transmission investment。 From the standpoint of system reliability however, the de-rated transmission upgrade may reduce the contribution of wind generation to system reliability improvement。 A benefit/cost assessment therefore is needed to determine the optimal capacity of the transmission upgrade for wind generation interconnection。 The cost may include additional conventional capacity that is needed to maintain system reliability, and the additional wind capacity to meet the mandatory RPS target。 Additional transmission upgrade for the higher capacity may also be needed。 The reliability approach proposed in this paper can be used to identify the cost of de-rated transmission upgrade, which will be discussed in detail in the following section。
III。Reliability Assessment of a Wind Resource
E。Reliability cost of wind integration
The IEEE-RTS [13] system is used in this paper to
capacity of the additional units is 25 MW and the FOR is 6。3%。 The addition of wind generation and conventional capacity that are needed to meet the 6% RPS target and to maintain the system reliability are shown in Fig。 4。 It can be seen in this example that the addition of conventional capacity increases rapidly and will be more than the new wind generation when the peak load exceeds certain level。 This implies that the wind penetration is limited for a particular system depending on the peak load, which is shown in Fig。 5。
TABLE I。 WIND ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND THE PROBABILITY
% of Capacity Probability
0 0。0933332
8 0。0162963
20 0。0192593
30 0。0222222
42 0。0251852
56 0。0059259
70 0。0118519
84 0。0029630
100 0。8029630
BASE CASE PEAK LOAD
概率风能模型的发电系统可靠性英文文献和中文翻译(5):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_99770.html