Several modeling issues of wind resources integration in probabilistic reliability assessment have been discussed using several wind generation scenarios。 The availability of wind turbines in the wind farm has impact on the wind generation output and the system reliability。 The joint capacity state model of wind farm that considers wind capacity availability and wind turbine availability has been investigated。 It is recommended that incorporating wind turbine availability in wind integration reliability assessment, especially when wind capacity factor is high is absolutely necessary。 Another important issue that has been discussed is the de-rated transmission upgrade in wind interconnection。 System reliability will be degraded when de-rated transmission upgrade is adopted。 A joint capacity model of wind generation and transmission is proposed in order to identify the appropriate target capacity of transmission upgrade。 The
reliability cost of using de-rated transmission upgrade can be calculated by the proposed method and framework presented in this paper。 In conclusion, the probabilistic reliability models and methods presented in this paper are simple and easy to use and can be applied to practical large power systems to investigate the system reliability impacts from large wind energy penetration。
V。Disclaimer
This paper does not reflect in any form and manner the position of the California ISO。 Any errors and omissions are the sole responsibilities of the authors。
VI。References
[1] California Energy Commission, “2007 Integrated Energy Policy Report, CEC-100-2007-008-CMF”, pp。 101。
[2] A。A。 Chowdhury, Y。 Zhang and et。 al, “Practice of Large Wind Generation Interconnection Study in CAISO,” IEEE PES 2009 General Meeting, July 26~30, 2009, Calgary, Canada。
[3] CAISO, “RETI Phase II - Conceptual Transmission Planning”, 2009。论文网
[4] R。 Karki, R。 Billinton and G。 Bai, “Risk Based Equivalent Wind Capacity in Power Generation Systems”, 8th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods to Power Systems, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Sept。 12-16, 2004。
[5] Y。 Zhang and A。 A。 Chowdhury, “Reliability Assessment of Wind Generation in Planning and Operating Phases in Generation System,” IEEE PES 2009 General Meeting, July 26~30, 2009, Calgary, Canada。
[6] R。 Billinton, R。 Allan, “Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems,” Plenum Press, 2nd edition, 1996。
[7] R。 Billionton and P。 Harrington, “Reliability Evaluation in Energy Limited Generating Capacity Studies,” IEEE Trans。 On Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol。 PAS-97, No。 6, Nov/Dec, 1978, pp。 2076~2085。
[8] P。 Giorsetto and K。 F。 Utsurogi, “Development of a new procedure for reliability modeling of wind turbine generators”, IEEE Transactions, Vol。 PAS-102, No。 1, pp。 134-143, January 1983。
[9] X。 Wang, H。 Dai, and R。 Thomas, “Reliability modeling of large wind farms and associated electric utility interface systems”, IEEE Transactions, Vol。 PAS-103, No。 3, pp。 569-575, March 1984。
[10] A。 A。 Chowdhury, “Reliability Models for Large Wind Farms in Generation System Planning”, in Proceedings of 2005 IEEE PES Annual General Meeting, San Francisco, CA, June 12-16, 2005。
[11] R。 Billinton, H。 Chen and R。 Ghajar, “Time-Series Models for Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems
Including Wind Energy”, Microelectronics and Reliability, Vol。 36, No。9, 1996, pp。1253-1261。 概率风能模型的发电系统可靠性英文文献和中文翻译(9):http://www.youerw.com/fanyi/lunwen_99770.html