浅论明代漕运督理由军职到文职的转变_毕业论文

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浅论明代漕运督理由军职到文职的转变

【中文摘要】 漕运,广义上指通过河道或海道对粮食的一种专业调运。古代漕运始于秦汉,魏晋至宋为发展完善阶段,元专于海运,真正形成完善的定制则在于明代,漕政督理职位的完善也始于明代,且经过了由漕运总兵官这一军职专管到漕运总督和总兵官协同的军职文职共管最后到漕运总督文职专管的转变。本文即就明代漕运督理职位的变动作一浅论。31320
毕业论文关键词】 明代  漕运督理  军职 文职
A Study on the Change of Administrators of Water Transport from Military Officials to Civil Officials
【Abstract】In its broad sense, water transportation refers to a kind of specialized shipping of food via river way or sea way. China begins its water transport among Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, and the water transport system has been gradually consummated between Wei Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty. In Yuan Dynasty, marine transport comes to focus among different forms of water transport. In Ming Dynasty, it has been completely developed. At the same time, the position system of the administrator of water transport has been perfectly set. To be specific, the system changes from the specialized administration of military officials named the General Commander of Water Transport, to the co-administration of both military and civil officials named the General Commander of Water Transport and the Governor of Water Transport, and to the specialized administration of civil officials named the Governor of Water Transport. This thesis will conduct a study on the change of the position system of the administrator of water transport.
【Key Words】Ming dynasty  Canal governor  Military  Civilian
一、明以前漕运督理职位的设置
漕运,广义上指通过河道或海道对粮食的一种专业调运。在生产力尚不发达的封建时代,统治者想要文系对庞大帝国的统治,庞大帝国的国家机器想要文系正常运转,不得不依靠漕运。而想要漕运能够运行通畅,完善有效的管理体制必不可少。漕运总督设置前,以唐、宋、元三朝为例,唐以宰臣兼转运使等职主管漕政,纲运制度形成后,制定相应奖惩制,责成地方长官分别负责,进一步明确由沿河县令主持所在地段的漕运事宜。用中央的三司使总领漕运,各路转运司负责征集漕粮,而发运司则负责运输。朝设立行泉府司,专门掌管海运。综观漕政管理体制变革,可以发现其管理人员的设置主要和以下几个因素有关。
首先,主要运输路线的变迁,这里主要指大运河的贯通情况给管理人员设置带来的影响。大运河开凿之前的朝代都城,其地理位置多位于关中平原或中原地带,偏于帝国疆域的西部,周边地区本身就有一定的粮食生产能力,此时粮食运输多在较小的范围之内,且运输的数量也不大。隋朝开凿大运河后,封建王朝的漕运事业才真正称得上是由南到北运行。经济重心的不断南移,加之从淮安到扬州的邗沟和由镇江到杭州的江南河的贯通,使封建王朝的粮食等物资依赖于南部富庶地区的供给成为可能。但是,在元朝以前,无论中央政权如何努力地修浚运河,整条运河南北的完全畅通,却是无法做到的。究其原因,多是路途遥远,地势不平,或是水道连接不畅,在干旱或寒冷的季节无法保持平稳的水量,漕船也就无法通行。在这种情况下,想要漕运运行顺畅,避免出现前后难继的问题,中央政府一般采取河陆兼挽和河海兼运两种方式。河陆兼挽在唐宋早已有之,唐朝行转搬之法,宋朝则依靠各路军民协作,以发运司调剂之。因此唐朝的漕运管理注重中央的指挥,以宰臣兼转运使来总管。朝管理分工细化,中央即以专管经济的部门三司使来指挥,在各路是发运司管理漕粮的征集与河、陆运输的转换。 (责任编辑:qin)