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this research under grant No. DTSH61-98-C-00094. In addition, I would like to thank to
the Taiwan’s National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) for
funding the experimental study conducted in this research.
At last, I would like to express my deep thank to my parents for their continuous
support for all of these years. In addition, I would like to thank to my girlfriend, Mrs.
Huei-An Chuang for her patience and love over the past years from my Master research
to Ph.D. research. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES. vii
LIST OF FIGURES.viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. 1
1.1 Motivation.. 1
1.2 Background 8
1.3 Objectives 11
CHAPTER 2 SEISMIC DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR SEGMENTAL COLUMNS . 13
2.1 Continuity in Potential Plastic Hinge Regions.. 13
2.2 Concrete Confinement for Potential Plastic Hinge Regions.. 15
2.3 Hysteretic Behavior 16
2.3.1. Jointed Behavior with High Energy Dissipation and Residual
Displacement ..16
2.3.2. Jointed Behavior with Minimal Energy Dissipation and Residual
Displacement ..17
2.3.3. Jointed Behavior with Moderate Energy Dissipation and Small Residual
Displacement ..20
2.4 Bonded or Unbonded Post-tensioning .. 22
2.5 Shape of Column Section. 25
2.6 Other Concepts.. 26
2.6.1. Shear Keys at Column Segment Joints ..26
2.6.2. Post-Tensioning Strand or Bar System..27
2.6.3. Time-Dependant Effects 27
2.6.4. Match Cast and Epoxied Joint 28
CHAPTER 3 ANALYTICAL STUDY.. 29
3.1 Simplified Analytical Model.. 29
3.1.1. Background..29
3.1.2. Assumptions.30
3.1.3. Moment-curvature-axial Force Analysis ..34
3.2 Finite Element Model 39
3.2.1. Modeling Approach .39
3.2.1.1. Footing and Column Segments..39
3.2.1.2. Post-Tensioning Tendons..40
3.2.1.3. Energy Dissipation Bars 40
3.2.1.4. Segment Joint Interfaces 41
3.2.1.5. Analysis Procedure ..42
3.2.2. Verification of Finite Element Model.42
3.3 Parametric Study.. 45
3.3.1. Prototype Column Design.45
3.3.1.1. Slenderness Ratio of Column Panel Wall .46
3.3.1.2. Confinement Reinforcement for Potential Plastic Hinge Regions ..46
3.3.1.3. Shear Capacity across Column Segment Joints .48
3.3.1.4. Shear Capacity of Column Segments .49
3.3.1.5. Upper and Lower Limits on Amount of Longitudinal
Reinforcement 51
3.3.1.6. Energy Dissipation Bars (ED Bars) .53
3.3.2. Nomenclature..55
3.3.3. Verification of Simplified Analytical Model ..56
3.3.4. Analyses using Simplified Analytical Model .61
3.3.5. Analyses using 3D FEM66
3.3.6. Response-history Analyses ..70
CHAPTER 4 CRITICAL JOINT TESTING 78
4.1 Background and Objectives 78
4.2 Specimen Description 82
4.2.1. Specimen Design ..82
4.2.2. Design Parameters of Specimens..84
4.2.2.1. Monotonic Loading Tests – Part 184
4.2.2.2. Monotonic Loading Tests – Part 285
4.2.2.2.1. Foundation Specimens 85
4.2.2.2.2. Base Segment Specimens .89
4.2.2.3. Cyclic Loading Tests ..89
4.2.3. Grouting of Foundation Specimens .90
4.3 Test Setup and Instrumentation 92
4.3.1. Strain Gauges ..92
4.3.2. Monotonic Loading..93
4.3.3. Cyclic Loading95
4.4 Test Results. 97
4.4.1. Monotonic Loading Tests – Phase 197
4.4.2. Monotonic Loading Tests – Phase 2.102
4.4.2.1. Bonded Length of 4 b d 102
4.4.2.2. Bonded Length of 16 b d .104
4.4.2.3. Bonded Length of 24 b d .106
4.4.2.4. Bonded Length of 24 b d plus an Additional Unbonded Length of 8
b d ..107