关键词：认知语言学；概念隐喻；对比研究；动物隐喻；女性称谓
 Table of Contents
1    Introduction    1
1.1    Research Background    1
1.2    Significance of the Study    2
2    Literature Review    3
2.1    Cognitive Linguistics    3
2.2    Metaphor Study    3
2.2.1    Metaphor Study in China    3
2.2.2    Metaphor Study in the West    4
3    Contrastive Analysis of Animalized Appellations about Females in English and Chinese    5
3.1    Similarities and Differences of Animalized Appellations about Females between English and Chinese    5
3.1.1    Similarities of Animalized Appellations about Females between English and Chinese    5
3.1.1.1    Social Status    5
3.1.1.2    Marriage and Love    6
3.1.1.3    Disposition and Character    7
3.1.2    Differences of Animalized Appellations about Females between English and Chinese    8
3.1.2.1    Humanity and Custom    8
3.1.2.2    Different Living Conditions    9
3.1.2.3    Different History and Religion    10
3.2    Pragmatic Functions of Female Animalized Appellation in English and Chinese    11
3.2.1    Declassing Female Social Rank    11
3.2.2    Losing Human Rights and Dignity    12
3.2.3    Deformating Life Attitude    13
3.3    Further Analysis and Summary    13
4    Conclusion    14
4.1    Major Findings of the Study    15
4.2    Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research    16
References    17
A Comparative Study of Female Animalized Appellations in Chinese and in English from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor
1    Introduction
1.1    Research Background
The study of metaphor has enjoyed a quite long history of more than 2000 years and will continue to be a topic of interest to scholars. It was firstly put forward by Aristotle (384-332BC) as a figure of speech and a decoration of style. After metaphor has gone through another two stages ------ the ‘substitution theory’ represented by Quintilian, a Roman rhetorician, and the ‘interaction theory' represented by I.A.Richards ------ a revolutionary shift took place. In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson published their masterpiece Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), which indicated a completely different cognitive approach to the study of metaphor.
In Metaphors We Live By (1980), Lakoff and Johnson advanced a new theory ------ the conceptual metaphor. One conceptual metaphor has two domains: the target domain and the source domain. And it is actually a process of mapping; the properties of the domain are mapped onto those in target domain. The most important feature of metaphor is to combine metaphor and cognition together, which not only helps us to redefine metaphor, but also provides a new thinking mode for learning human acts, experiences and language. They considered ‘metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.’ (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) 概念隐喻视角下中英女性称谓动物化的对比研究(2):http://www.youerw.com/yingyu/lunwen_48355.html