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analysis of the building and several alternative scenarios will be
developed and evaluated.
• In the second approach decision-making tools such as multi-
objective or multi-criteria combined with simulations are applied
to assist the decision maker to reach a final decision among a
given set of alternative actions.
The multi-criteria technique in the second approach has been
used to assist the designers to select the most feasible actions
during the initial stages of a renovation project, for energy effi-
ciency improvement of a building [9]. The major setback of this
technique is that it is based on predefined sets of actions and scenarios that should be pre-evaluated. In such a case there is no
guarantee that the solution reached is the optimal one [7]. Due
to the complexity of decision-making problems especially ones
with multiple objectives, the multi-objective optimisation tech-
nique is a suitable candidate to model these problems, because it
can explore potentially an unlimited number of alternatives. This
technique is used by many researchers mainly with the objective
to reduce the cost of the materials and to maximise energy savings.
The possibility to use the multi-objective optimisation model to
solve the decision problems that consider as many options as possi-
ble is widely accepted. [8] Simultaneously minimises the following
three objectives: the energy consumption of the building; the initial
investment cost; and the annual carbon dioxide emission. [9] Stud-
ies a similar problem to balance the energy, environment, financing
and social factors. The hybrid decision system is suggested by [10]
for sustainable renovation of office buildings and improvements
in energy performance, where the decision-maker is facing the
challenge of
making trade-offs between renovation costs, environ-
mental impacts and improved building quality. The weakness of
these studies is that they do not consider the payback period of the
investment as one of the objectives. They consider a case of unlim-
ited
funding which is not always possible because most of the time
there are budget constraints. Another shortfall of these researches