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out[1]j hsup
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hout jð2Þwhere subscript ‘‘sup” indicates the supply air conditions, and ‘‘out”the outdoor air conditions; ‘‘sen” and ‘‘lat” indicate sensible and la-tent load, respectivelyThe COP of the whole system, including transmission losses andefficiency of power generating plants, is calculated as follows:COPtotal ¼Ptimeðj Q[1]sys jÞPtimeE[1]power;plantð3ÞThe primary energy demand for the generation of electricity, whichsatisfies the on-site energy demand by the VAV system and trans-mission losses, is estimated as follows:E[1]power;plant ¼ E[1]totalgtrans[1]a1ghydroþ a2gnuclþ a3goilþ a4ggas !ð4Þwhere gtrans = 0.94 [12] is the efficiency of power transmission; thecontribution of different primary energy sources in power genera-tion plants in Quebec is the following: a1 = 0.954 for hydro power,a2 = 0.02 for nuclear, a3 = 0.001 for natural gas, a4 = 0.021 for hea-vy fuel oil [13]; the contribution of diesel fuel oil and light fuel oil(0.001) and wood (0.003) is neglected. The following assumptionsare used in the analysis: the overall energy efficiency of a naturalgas-fired power plant is 43.1% [14], of an oil-fired power plant is33% [15], of a nuclear power plant is 30% [16], and of a hydro-powerplant is 80% [17]. In this paper, the annual average electricity mix inQuebec is used to calculate the electricity use from different powergeneration plants, instead of using the hourly electricity mix be-cause of lack of data. The calculation of electric demand of a fewcomponents is presented, as example, in the following sections.3.2. Hot water boilerAt part-load conditions, the electric input to the boiler is calcu-lated as follows [10]: 3.6. BoilerThe exergy efficiency of the boiler is calculated as follows:gII;boil