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Cost minimization of Shell-and-tube heat exchangers is a key objective. Traditional design approaches
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besides being time consuming, do not guarantee the reach of an economically optimal solution. So, in
this research, a new shell and tube heat exchanger optimization design approach is developed based on
biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm. The BBO algorithm has some good features in
reaching to the global minimum in comparison to other evolutionary algorithms. In this study BBO
technique has been applied to minimize the total cost of the equipment including capital investment and
the sum of discounted annual energy expenditures related to pumping of shell and tube heat exchanger
by varying various design variables such as tube length, tube outer diameter, pitch size, baffle spacing,
etc. Based on proposed method, a full computer code was developed for optimal design of shell and tube
heat exchangers and three different test cases are solved by it to demonstrate the effectiveness and
accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Finally the results are compared to those obtained by literature
approaches up to the present. The obtained results indicate that the BBO algorithm can be successfully
applied for optimal design of shell and tube heat exchangers.8521
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. Introduction
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two
or more fluids that are at different temperatures and which inmost
of the cases they are separated by a solid wall. Shell and tube heat
exchangers (STHEs) are probably the most common type of heat
exchangers applicable for a wide range of operating temperatures
and pressures. Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in
heating and air conditioning, power generation, refrigeration,
chemical processes, manufacturing and medical applications. A
typical shell and tube heat exchanger is shown in Fig. 1 [1,2]. This
widespread use can be justified by its versatility, robustness and
reliability.
The design of STHEs involves a large number of geometric and
operating variables as a part of the search for an exchanger geometry
that meets the heat duty requirement and a given set of design
constrains. Usually a reference geometric configuration of the equip-
ment is chosen at first and an allowable pressure drop value is fixed.
Then, the values of the designvariables are definedbasedonthe design
specifications and the assumption of several mechanical and ther-
modynamic parameters in order to have a satisfactory heat transfer
coefficient leading to a suitable utilization of the heat exchange
surface. The designer’s choices are then verified based on iterative
procedures involvingmany trials until a reasonable design is obtained
which meets design specifications with a satisfying compromise
between pressure drops and thermal exchange performances [1e4].
Due to the important role of shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
a variety of techniques have been proposed to the design optimi-
zation problemsuch as, numerical resolution of the stationary point
equations of a nonlinear objective function [5,6], graphical analysis
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ98 914 128 4436.
E-mail addresses: amin.hadidi@yahoo.com, a-hadidi@iau-ahar.ac.ir (A. Hadidi).
1359-4311/$ e see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.12.002of the search space [7,8], simulated annealing [9], mixed integer
nonlinear programming [10], and systematic screening of tube
count tables [11,12]. In addition, there are some studies based on
artificial intelligence techniques for the optimization of shell and
tube heat exchangers. These approaches overcome of some of the
limitations of traditional design methods based on mathematical