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13,14
copper,
14-16
nickel,
8,17
titanium,
16,18,19
zirco-
nium,
18,20
tantalum,
21
silicon,
22,23
mica,
24
silver,
14,16
iron,
2,16,25
manganese, and chromium26
have been used as substrates to form
SAMs. The choice of headgroup is critical for the stability of
SAMs. Long chain aliphatic molecules with headgroups such as
silanes,
27,28
thiols,
29,30
carboxylic acid,
13,31-35
phosphonic acid,
36-39
sulfonic acid,
39,40
and hydroxamic acid16,41
have been utilized on
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8929–8933.
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(21) Palma, R.; Laureyn, W.; Frederix, F.; Bonroy, K.; Pireaux, J. J.; Borghs,
G.; Maes, G. Langmuir 2007, 23(2), 443–451.
(22) Miller, J. B.; Schwartz, J.; Bernasek, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115(18),
8239–8247.
(23) Midwood, K. S.; Carolus, M. D.; Danahy, M. P.; Schwarzbauer, J. E.;
Schwartz, J. Langmuir 2004, 20(13), 5501–5505.
(24) Diez-Perez, I.; Luna,M.; Teheran, F.; Ogletree, D. F.; Sanz, F.; Salmeron,
M. Langmuir 2004, 20(4), 1284–1290.
(25) Volmer-Uebing, M.; Stratmann, M. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1992, 55(1), 19–35.
(26) Hild, R.; David, C.; Muller, H. U.; Volkel, B.; Kayser, D. R.; Grunze, M.
Langmuir 1998, 14(2), 342–346.
(27) Sinapi, F.; Naji, A.; Delhalle, J.;Mekhalif, Z. Surf. Interface Anal. 2004, 36
(11), 1484–1490.
(28) Duwez, A. S.; Jonas, U.; Klein, H. ChemPhysChem 2003, 4(10), 1107–1111.
(29) Mekhalif, Z. R., J.; Pireaux, J.-J.; Delhalle, J. Langmuir 1997, 13(8), 2285–
2290.
(30) Sung, M. M.; Sung, K.; Kim, C. G.; Lee, S. S.; Kim, Y. J. Phys. Chem. B
2000, 104(10), 2273–2277.
(31) Pawsey, S.; Yach,K.;Halla, J.; Reven, L. Langmuir 2000, 16(7), 3294–3303.
(32) Raman, A.; Gawalt, E. S. Langmuir 2007, 23(5), 2284–2288.
(33) van den Brand, J.; Blajiev,O.; Beentjes, P. C. J.; Terryn,H.; deWit, J.H.W.
Langmuir 2004, 20(15), 6308–6317.
(34) Lim,M. S.; Feng, K.; Chen, X. Q.;Wu, N. Q.; Raman, A.; Nightingale, J.;
Gawalt, E. S.;Korakakis,D.;Hornak, L.A.; Timperman, A. T. Langmuir 2007, 23
(5), 2444–2452.
(35) Sondag, A. H. M.; Raas, M. C. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 91, 4926–4931.
(36) Quinones, R.; Raman, A.; Gawalt, E. S. Surf. Interface Anal. 2007, 39(7),
593–600.
(37) Raman, A.;Dubey,M.; Gouzman, I.; Gawalt, E. S. Langmuir 2006, 22(15),
6469–6472.
(38) Gawalt, E. S.; Avaltroni, M. J.; Koch, N.; Schwartz, J. Langmuir 2001, 17
(19), 5736–5738.
(39) Yee, C.; Kataby, G.; Ulman, A.; Prozorov, T.; White, H.; King, A.;
Rafailovich, M.; Sokolov, J.; Gedanken, A. Langmuir 1999, 15(21), 7111–7115.
(40) Fiurasek, P.; Reven, L. Langmuir 2007, 23(5), 2857–2866.
(41) Telegdi, J.; Rigo, T.; Kalman, E. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2005, 582(1-2),
191–201.these metal and metal oxide substrates. Despite a significant
number of reports of SAMs on metal oxides, it is difficult to
predict which headgroup or acid will result in a complete mono-
layer on a specific metal substrate. This has been proven to be
even more difficult on alloy oxides, where little work has been
done.
27,36,37,42-44
Stainless steel 316L is a low-carbon austenitic steel which is
used as surgical implant material. Like all stainless steels, it