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abstractEnsuring the effective thermal insulation in regions, where the cooling requirement of building with
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respect to heating requirement is dominant, is very important from the aspect of energy economy. In this
study, the influence of thermal insulation on the building cooling load and the cooling system in case of
air-conditioning by an all-air central air-conditioning system was evaluated for a sample building located
in Adana, based on the results of three different types of insulation (A, B and C-type buildings) according
to the energy efficiency index defined in the Thermal Insulation Regulation used in Turkey. The operating
costs of the air-conditioning system were calculated using cooling bin numbers. Life-cycle cost analysis
was carried out utilizing the present-worth cost method. Results showed that both the initial and the
operating costs of the air-conditioning system were reduced considerably for all three insulation thick-
nesses. However, the optimum results in view of economic measurements were obtained for a C-type
building. The thickness of thermal insulation for the buildings in the southern Turkey should be deter-
mined according to the guidelines for a C-type building.5062
Crown Copyright 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. Introduction
Air-conditioning system (ACS) is responsible for a significant
part of total energy consumption in building. Capacity of ACS is
determined according to total cooling load of building. Building
cooling loads consist of heat gains through opaque external sur-
faces and fenestration areas of the building and internal heat gains.
Architectural and physical properties of building, such as thermal
mass, structural material and its shape, are the most important
parameters, which influence the space-cooling load. Another
parameter is local climate. As reported in literature, different effec-
tive techniques such as free cooling, natural ventilation, thermal
mass and night cooling can used in order to reduce the cooling
load. Therefore, a significant energy saving (more than 50% as com-
pared to an existing building) can be achieved [1–7]. On the other
hand, thermal insulation is applied for reducing of heat loss or/and
gain in buildings through the envelope. Yearly building cooling
load and the peak cooling demand of building can be reduced sig-
nificantly in the thermally insulated buildings located in hot dry
and hot humid regions [7–13]. Therefore, reducing energy use for
space cooling in buildings is a key measure to energy conservation
and environmental protection. The main objective of this study is
to reveal the influence of the building thermal insulation on theannual energy consumption of the cooling system in hot and hu-
mid regions, especially in the southern Turkey.
2. Application of thermal insulation in building
In Turkey, the thickness of thermal insulation material that
should be applied to buildings is determined according to Turkish
Standard 825 (TS 825) ‘‘thermal insulation in building” [14].TS
825 is an application of ‘‘ISO 9164-Thermal insulation calculation
of space heating requirements for residential buildings” in every
respect and basically similar to EN 832-Thermal performance of
buildings calculation of energy use for heating residential buildings.
It is adapted to climatic conditions of Turkey [14,15]. In TS 825, the
thickness of thermal insulationmaterial can be determined accord-
ing to the annual requirement of heating energy of the building
which based on heat losses calculation. Turkey is classified into four
climatic zones considering only heating energy requirement by
using degree-day concept in TS 825. However, in the standard, cool-