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3.1. Building characteristics
In this study, an office center with three floors and 27 offices lo-
cated in Adana, Turkey (36 590
latitude, 35 180
longitude and
20 m altitude; in Mediterranean region) was considered. Adana
has hot and humid summer and warmwinter, and is in the first de-
gree-day region according to TS 825. To benefit from solar energy
and light, typical window areas of building in Mediterranean re-
gion are generally designed larger than that of the standard. Total
gross area of the building is 1628 m2
and total fenestration area
and external wall surface area are 299 m2
and 668 m2
, respectively.
Therefore, in this study, fenestration area is 45% of the external
surface area of the building. Two people in each office and three
laborers in each floor of the office center work between 09:00
and 20:00 h.
The height of each floor of the office center is 3 m. Fig. 1 shows
the architectural plan of the ground floor of the sample building.
Features of the opaque construction materials of the sample build-
ing are given in detail in Table 2.
3.2. Calculation of insulation thickness
In this study, it was assumed that thermal insulation with three
different thicknesses is applied to opaque external components ofthe sample building (Building A, Building B and Building C). Thick-
ness of the thermal insulation for each building was determined so
that Buildings A, B and C are, respectively type A, B and C buildings
according to the building classes defined in thermal insulation
regulation [24]. In the regulation, the buildings are classified as
‘‘A-type”, ‘‘B-type” or ‘‘C-type” according to the ratio of the annual
energy requirement of building Q (kWh/m2
) to the maximum al-
lowed annual energy requirement of building QI (kWh/m2
). Table
3 presents classification of the energy efficiency index of the build-
ings according to the regulation. If Q/QI is higher than 0.99, insula-
tion should be applied to reduce annual energy required for
building.
The thermal insulation thickness (L) and the overall heat trans-
fer coefficient (U) of opaque constructions of the sample building
given in Table 4 were obtained by equalizing Q/QI to 0.79, 0.89
and 0.99 for Buildings A, B and C, respectively. The overall heat
transfer coefficient of fenestration for all cases was 3W/m2
K.In this study, architectural and physical properties of building
are the same for all calculations, but not insulation thickness as gi-
ven above.
3.3. Thermal insulation cost
The extruded polystyrene foam with thermal conductivity of
0.031W/m K was used as thermal insulation material. The amount
and cost of the thermal insulation material required for the build-
ing components for all three types of buildings considered in this
study are given in Table 5.
4. Air-conditioning system
4.1. System design
All-air systems have been widely used in air-conditioning appli-
cations. The sample building is conditioned by an all-air central air
handling unit (AHU) as shown in Fig. 2. As can be seen from the fig-
ure, the air-conditioning system consists of AHU, duct, air-cooled
chiller system and control units. The indoor air conditions are
26 C dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity. In the sys-
tem, air is supplied to the air-conditioned volumes by mixing the
minimum amount of the outdoor air (fresh) required for ventila-
tion with the return air. Two main air distribution systems associ-
ated with all-air air-conditioning systems are constant-air-volume
(CAV) and variable-air-volume systems (VAV). CAV systems have
been used since the introduction of air-conditioning while VAV