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e.g. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE), but many are proprietary software products
distributed or sold by equipmentmanufacturers [5]. Digital catalogues
that are provided by equipmentmanufacturers can be used to locate a
suitable component model for the given design criteria. They can be
further linked to the equipment sizing tools, e.g. Carrier's HAP tool can
be linked to their chiller selection tool by importing performance data
for the actual chiller.
Tools for energy performance analysis are designed to predict the
annual energy consumption of an HVAC system. Based on a system of
equations that define thermal performance of buildings and sys-
tems, and with given boundary conditions, operation strategy and
controls, these tools perform (hourly or sub-hourly) simulations
(Carrier HAP, Trane TRACE 700, DOE-2, eQUEST, EnergyPlus, ESP-r,
IDA ICE, TRNSYS, HVACSIM+, VA114, SIMBAD, etc.). These tools are
typically used to calculate and analyze the full- and part-load perfor-
mances, to analyze system operation strategy, to compare different
design alternatives, etc. [6–9].
Tools for system optimization are used in conjunction with tools for
energy performance analysis. In multiple simulation runs, a set of
parameters is optimized according to a given objective function. An
example is the generic optimization tool GenOpt [10].
Toolsforcontrolanalysisandcontroloptimization (see also
Section 3.2). The level of HVAC system control modeling and simu-
lation in the available tools varies:
• Controllers can be associated with high abstraction system models,
such as in ESP-r.
• Controllers can be represented explicitly either
- as models of supervisory control, such as in EnergyPlus, or
- as simple models of local control, such as in ESP-r and TRNSYS.
• More advanced representation of controllers, such as fuzzy logic, are
available in e.g. MATLAB based tools (SIMBAD), Dymola and tools
coupled to MATLAB (ESP-r [11], TRNSYS [12]). These tools are
efficient for design andmore comprehensive testing of controllers in
a simulation setting [13], as well as for testing and validation of
controller design in real time [14].
Simulation tools for real-time performance optimization. Benefits of
using simulation tools in the building operational stage are still
insufficiently explored. Simulation tools could be used for:
• Commissioning diagnostics (initial commissioning): i.e. to verify the
performance of the whole building, its subsystems and components
[15];
• Monitoring diagnostics (continuous commissioning) and fault
detection diagnostics: i.e. to detect, analyze, locate and/or predict
problems with systems and equipment occurring during everyday
operation [16–19];
• Emulating a building and its HVAC systems: i.e. simulating the
response of a building and its HVAC systems to building energy
management system (BEMS) commands. Emulators can also be
used for control product development, training of BEMS operators,
tuning of control equipment and imitating fault situations to see
how the BEMS would cope [20];
• Simulation assisted control: i.e. to execute a simulation model
(encapsulated within the BEMS) as part of the control task in order
to evaluate several possible control scenarios and make a choice in
terms of some relevant criteria [20].
The system simulation models that belong to this category are
expected to predict system performance accurately. Thus, they need
to be able to treat the departures fromideal behavior that occur in real
systems and to realistically model controls and HVAC system
dynamics. The tools for energy performance analysis can be used as
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