The most important factor from the management point of view of cloud computing model are its essential characteristics (Mell & Grance, 2011):

xOn-demand self-service。 A consumer can unilaterally access computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider,

xBroad network access。 Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thick or thin client platforms (e。g。, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations),

xResource pooling。 The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand。 There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify a location at a higher

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level of abstraction (e。g。, country, state, or datacenter)。 Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth,

xRapid elasticity。 Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand。 To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time, and

xMeasured service。 Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e。g。, storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts)。 Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service。

These characteristics imply a broad range of benefits enterprise and other organizations that adopt the cloud computing model。 These are (Centre for Economics and Business Research, 2010):

xreduced IT capital expenditures due to hardware abstraction from users,

xreduced spend on IT headcount or more valuable redeployment of staff elsewhere in the IT department or elsewhere in the business,

xrapid access to faster computing capabilities without the need for intervention by the providers of the services being accessed and without having to “wait in line” for IT department assistance,

ximproved IT capacity utilisation through pooled resources that serve multiple users, improved business scalability in response to client demands through computing capabilities that can be elastically provisioned, that is, increased when users wish to scale up and real improved business scalability in response to client demands through computing capabilities that can be elastically provisioned (increased when users wish to scale up and released when users wish to scale back down),

xrapid rollout of on demand resources resulting in faster time to market for new goods and services and quicker returns on investment,

x“pay-per-use” model so that users incur only the costs of the computing capabilities that they need and use, and

xlower barriers to entry to markets due to the reduced fixed costs of entry。

Due to its characteristics cloud computing transparently shares among users scalable elastic resources over a limitless network。 The most important benefits for respondents of Ovum survey (conducted in 2011) concerning cloud services usage representing multinational corporations are presented in Figure 3。 (Molony, 2011)。摘要：城市发展的可持续的方式满足公民的需求的最具竞争力的是——经济、生态和社会。它们成为吸引居民生活和工作最具吸引力的地方。建立一个诱人的地方的同时并且满足城市居民的需求是地方政府的一项艰巨的任务。首先做好分析,然后再是履行公民的不断变化的需求。了解居民的需求最简单的方法可以根据人群采购，然而最具挑战性的地方是管理交通物流、在现有的城市设计的基础设施城市空间中消除拥塞问题，同时，灵活应答运输变化的要求。可以使用基于云计算模型的IT系统来解决这些挑战，促进未来智能城市物流的发展。同样云计算的设计和特点是特别有趣的，公共部门旨在降低成本和改善操作的灵活性。云计算模型提供了独特的机会来设计城市物流基础设施的方式,它很容易适应变化的运输要求。这篇文章的主要目的是展示智能城市物流云计算模型(云智能城市物流)的概念,对任何城市政府对可持续发展感兴趣的提供公民的需求、灵活的物流基础设施的性能使他未来成为可持续发展的城市。论文网