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Acknowledgments First and foremost, many people have made invaluable contributions, both directly and indirectly to my research. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Associate Prof., who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Just under her careful and patient guidance, I begin to get a clear idea of the paper and fully frame it out. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.33893
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I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me directly and indirectly in my studies, especially Cheng Qinghua, my British and American Literature course teacher, from whose lectures I benefited greatly. I am also very grateful to all other teachers of the School of Foreign Languages who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study.
I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me.
Abstract
This paper makes a study on the grammaticalization of some impolite discourse markers in Mandarin Chinese. Based on the theories of grammaticalization, politeness principle and discourse markers, the thesis explores how some polite language items used in daily conversation in Mandarin Chinese have gone through the process of grammaticalization moving towards impolite ones working as discourse markers. The research mainly examines the subtle transitions of the language items in question and discloses the driving forces of the changes. Specifically, four language items “zàijiàn”, “bàituō”, “suíyì” and “būgǎndāng” are selected for the study. The thesis points out that metaphorical abstraction is mainly responsible for the grammaticalization to happen and that frequency plays an important role in causing the lexical items (polite phrases) to move along the cline to become grammatical ones (impolite discourse markers).
This paper is mainly pided into five parts. The first part is introduction. The second part describes the issues of grammaticalization, politeness principle and discourse markers. The third part discusses the grammaticalization of the four phrases “zàijiàn”, “bàituō”, “suíyì” and “būgǎndāng” moving from polite to impolite. The fourth part discusses the motivation of the grammaticalization of the impolite discourse markers in Mandarin Chinese. The last part is the conclusion.
Key Words: grammaticalization, discourse markers, politeness, impoliteness
摘要本论文研究普通话中不礼貌话语标记语的语法化。根据语法化、礼貌原则以及话语标记语的有关理论，论文探究了普通话日常用语中的某些话语经历了语法化，并获得了话语标记语身份的过程。研究审视了这些用语语法化过程是怎样发生的，解释了其背后的动因。具体而言，本文选取了“再见”、“拜托”、“随意”、“不敢当”作为研究的对象。本文指出：隐喻抽象以及使用频率是这些词语发生语法化的主要原因，使这些词语从礼貌用语逐渐演变为不礼貌用语，最终成为话语标记语。
整篇文章主要分为五个部分，第一部分是介绍。第二部分是描述语法化，礼貌原则和话语标记语。第三部分是探讨四个短语从礼貌到不礼貌的语法化过程。第四部分论述了汉语中不礼貌话语标记的语法化的动因。最后一部分是结论。