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There are also five aspects of Confucian values: (a) hierarchy and harmony, the system of persons or things ranked one above another in a harmonious relation. (b) Group orientation, an introduction of guiding one in adjusting to new surroundings, employment, activity, or the like of a team. (c) guanxi networks (relationships), an emotional or other connection between people. (d) mianzi (face), the reputation and prestige of one’s outer part. (e) Time orientation, an introduction of guiding one in adjusting to new surroundings, employment, activity, or the like of time sense.
3.2 Introduction of Western Humanism
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, inpidually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated, according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of a “human nature”, sometimes contrasted with ant humanism.
German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism in 1856 to describe the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning; this definition won wide acceptance. During the French Revolution, and soon after in Germany, humanism began to refer to philosophies and morality centered on human kind, without attention to any notions of the pine.