摘要:行车是桥式起重机的一种别称,它可用于实现物体在空间中水平和垂直方向上的位移,由于桥式起重机具备很高的起重能力,而且能够依照实际需求进行调整,同时能够平稳精确地定位,还具备更大的提升高度,所以在生产工作中极大地提高了劳动生产率,降低了维护成本,其产品损坏率也得到降低,安全性能得到增强。起重机以各种各样的形式存在,每种形式都适用于特定用途,其尺寸范围可以从工厂内最小的起重机到最高的塔式起重机。在大型重载运输行业或危险性较大的领域,都有起重机的身影,如生产装配中用于产品的移动,仓储运输中用于货物的装卸,建筑行业中用于材料的运输。在钢铁领域起重机的用途得到了充分地发挥,从制造过程的开始,一直到成品离开工厂,其中的每个环节都应用到起重机。原材料通过起重机倒入炉中,热钢由塔顶起重机进行储存、冷却,成品由桥式起重机提升并装载到卡车上,生产商在压模时也会利用到桥式起重机来处理钢锭。
桥式起重机普遍的构成部件包含提升机构、运行机构、金属构造三部分,起重机最根本得工作部件就是提升机构,它的主要构成设备有三相异步电机、制动单元、减速装置、卷筒以及滑轮。提升机构运行工作时,异步电机经由减速装置,输出动力促使卷筒旋转,从而令吊绳缠绕卷筒一定长度亦或者从卷筒释放一定长度,达到提放货物的目的。运行机构的作用则是为了水平移动负载亦或者是改变起重机的水平工作位置,它一般指大车前后走行机构和小车左右横移机构,它们通常的构成部件为三相异步电机、减速装置、制动单元、车架以及车轮。金属构造是起重机主要的承重部件,其作用就是支撑各部件并承受工作过程中所有的载荷。桥式起重机工作时,它的大车机构顺着架设于高架平台两侧的铁轨前后走行,小车机构顺着位于桥梁上的铁轨横向运行,这样就形成了矩形移动轨迹,充分利用桥梁下的空间并依靠这些机构的配合动作,就可以不受地面设备的阻碍在一定空间内吊运重物。因为实际作业中的要求,桥式起重机必须经常性地做间歇运动,即需要在抓取物料、移动运行、卸载物料等动作之间不断循环往复地交替动作。因此,桥式起重机控制电路的设计就是对其提升机构、大车机构、小车机构的运行控制进行设计。
本课题主要是对桥式起重机的控制电路进行研究设计,采用MM440变频器实现对重物移动的调速控制;采用西门子S7-300作为核心控件,实现对桥式起重机前后走行、左右横行、上提下放的控制;采用制动器解决重物的悬停及防止溜钩问题;采用限位装置、过载保护、短路保护、报警等保护措施实现生产的安全性。PLC和变频器在桥式起重机控制系统的应用将使得现代化生产更精确更高效更安全。
关键词:桥式起重机;大车;小车;提升机构;变频调速
Abstract:Overhead crane is another name for bridge crane, which can be used to move the object in both horizontal and vertical directions in space. The bridge crane possesses not only high lifting capacity and greater lifting height but also smooth and accurate positioning ability. It can make adjustments according to the actual demands too. Because of these advantages, the bridge crane greatly improved the labour productivity, reduced the maintenance costs, decreased the product damage rate and increased the security in the process of production. Cranes exist in a variety of forms, each of which is suitable for a specific purpose and can range from the smallest crane in the plant to the tallest tower crane. In large-scale heavy-duty transport industries or areas of greater risk, there are cranes, such as the movement of products in production assemblies, the loading and unloading of goods in warehousing and transportation, the transport of materials in the construction industry. The function of cranes in the iron and steel industry has been fully exploited, from the start of the manufacturing process to the finished product leaving the plant, where each link the crane is applied to. The raw material is poured into the furnace by the crane. The hot steel is stored and cooled by the overhead crane. The finished product is lifted and loaded onto the truck by the overhead crane. The manufacturers also use the bridge crane to deal with the steel ingot.