Description: Some EPs that could have been checked before the machinery was exploited in the project drove up the risk of unsafe operation

Rules to check

Safety instruction signs attached to vehicles Class 3b (external

data)

accommodate at least one person。 Tanks, pipelines, silos, vaults, and manholes can be instances of such spaces, which must be restricted to authorized workers。 Reviewing fatal incidents, however,  shows  a  common  tendency  observed  in    unauthorized

The language that the vehicle’s safety instruction are written in

Class 3b (external data)

people  to crawl  into  such  spaces  to perform  an unplanned   task,

e。g。, picking up their belongings (Fig。 3), or any other activities with

The native language of workers Class 3b (external

data)

Cover for moving parts of vehicles Class 3b (external data)

Cover for power buttons of  vehicle Class 3b (external data)

no predetermined safety plan。 For instance, in December 1988, an assistant supervisor, a foreman, and the site superintendent, were found collapsed in a low-oxygen manhole with no PPE such as a Self-Contained  Breathing  Apparatus  (SCBA)。  If  there  were  any

means of emergency evacuation designed for the manhole, perhaps

Emergency stop handles, seatbelts, and roll over

protective systems

Class 3b (external

data)

the two latter people would not even need SCBA, because they

Collision avoidance systems Class 3b (external data)

Driver: Periodic Safety Check (PSC)

Description: Failure to perform PSC of the equipment drove up the probability of equipment  incidents

Rules to check

Existence of safety check task in the project schedule    Class 1 (existence)

Driver: Hazard Zones  (HZs)

Description: Allowing workers or flagmen to be present at HZs near articulated or moving back and forth vehicles drove up the risk of being struck

Rules to check

The crew and machinery assigned to each task Class 1 (count) Access restrictions to the area around machinery Class 3 (vicinity)

Driver: Site Conditions (SC)

Description: Unsafe SC at working, parking, or hauling areas drove up the risk of equipment rollover or crash

Rules to check

Slope of the construction vehicles’ parking area Class 1 (geometry)

Vehicles’ geometry and maneuverability Class 3c (advanced technical)

Available width of pathways and turning points Class 3

(pathfinding)

would not need to enter the manhole to help the supervisor。 Table 8

presents observed phenomena that might have influenced the out- comes of accidents in confined spaces。

4。4。Working near power  lines

Workers electrocuted in the construction industry outnumber those in all other industries (Zhao et al。, 2015), although electrical power is not central to this industry。 Long metal objects like scaf- folds, ladders, antennas, boards, hoists, and cranes normally found in every construction project accompanied by a misunderstanding of the actual clearances between these objects and energized lines expose workers to deadly electric shocks。 Table 9 provides some factors that were found to reduce the clearance unexpectedly in the 42 fatal electric shocks that were related to    design。