北欧家具设计的审美特征英文文献和中文翻译(2)

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The 20th century, 40 years in order to reflect the ethnic characteristics arising from a sense of nostalgia, often showing the pristine countryside, contributed to this softening trend. Early functionalism advocated by the primary color for the 20th century, 40 years to reconcile the color gradually replaced by a more coarse texture and natural materials by their favorite designers. After 1945, another retro trend - the Danish tradition of excellent craftsmanship in Sweden and Norway have also been strengthened. The 20th century, 50 years, a group of pre-war designers, such as the prestigious Henningsen, Klandt, mam Marsden, Aalto, etc. are still walking in the forefront of the design. For example, Henningsen, designed after the war, a number of new PH lamps, in particular, he designed a PH-5, and PH Artichoke pendant lamp has achieved great success and has sold briskly. The other hand, young designers have also come to the fore, thus promoted the Scandinavian design of further development. Scandinavian design of the human touch is also reflected in the design of industrial equipment, in this respect Swedish industrial designer made a lot of work. From 1965 onwards, from Sweden, consisting of six designers "design team" involved in Solna, the company's offset printing production line development and design work, they operate on the production line process carried out a detailed ergonomic analysis and redesign the signs, symbols, instructions and manipulating the handle, so that working conditions have been greatly improved.

Danish furniture design has a tradition dating back almost 450 years .In 1554, a number of cabinetmakers founded Koebenhavns Snedkerlaug (The Copenhagen Guild of Cabinetmakers) with the dual purpose of creating high-quality furniture and of protecting the trade from poor craftsmen by establishing formal training for cabin-makers. Two hundred years later,in 1777,Det Kongelige Meoble Magazine (The Royal Furniture Magazine) was established with the aim of manufacturing uniform,high-quality furniture in terms of production and design for the Danish Royal Household and its various departments and ministries ,etc.The furniture was designed almost along the lines of catalogue goods by the most renowned designers of the period,and their drawings were forwarded to master cabinetmakers all over the country,who then manufactured them.

After a brief period of only 40 years,the practice came to an end in 1815.The important thing is that the above-mentioned events were extremely visionary as regards quality and design,and that they went on to form a solid foundation for later development.Furthermore,Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi (The Royal Danish Academy of Art) in Copenhagen, established a school of furniture design in 1770,whose purpose was the education of furniture apprentices to draw and inspect masterpieces what amounted to the world’s first systematic education of furniture designer.Throughout the 19th century,indeed until the beginning of the 1920’s, there is an absence of an independent Danish style.The architects of the time are inspired by French, and particularly,English furniture and only design furniture for the wealthy upper classes and civil authorities. Peasants,farmers and the fledgling working class still do not represent an interesting commercial body,but this picture changes with the country’s move from an agricultural society to an industrialized one towards the end of the last century.The cities almost exploded in size and social awareness flew with the emergence of the new social classes-laborers and office workers-both of whom demanded monetary payment for their services.Put in simple terms,you might say that this was how the foundation of modern consumer society came into being. Once current overheads had been met such as food,clothing,rent and heating ,etc.People still had the means to buy furniture,which in its own small way, created the basis for a formalized furniture industry.The furniture industry did not really take off until people began moving away from the cramped apartments in the city centers to larger apartments and detached houses on the outskirts of town.This happened in two stages,the first of which was in the 1920’s,when the social housing projects began and detached houses started to appear.The second stage was in the 1950’s,when both types of housing be fan to shoot up everywhere.This development,combined with a high level of knowledge and awareness,creatd a new and more rational housing culture where people began to demand high-quality functional furniture.As it turned out, people outside Denmark soon began to make the same kinds of demands.