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from which it is evident that the resistance of the S-shaped plate at large gas loads is less than that of
the bubble cap plate; the overall resistance coefficient referred to the narrowest section for vapor pas-
sage was ~ = 4.5.
As a result of the investigative work, three characteristic types of plate operation have been es-
tablished: unstable, even and stable, and uneven. This gradation was fixed mainly in determining the
region of stable plate operation. Depending on the operating conditions, the plate efficiency (Murphy
efficiency, or overall efficiency) varies over wide limits. The maximum value of overall efficiency
obtained in the unit was 90%, which confirmed the high effectiveness of the plates in operation under
optimum conditions. Comparative values of plate efficiency are shown in Fig.5.
In 1963 the machinery factories of the petroleum refining industry began serial output of columns
with S-shaped plates. In 1966 the output of such columns was about 10,000 tons. Thereby, in 1966 alone,
because of the iowest amount of metal in columns with S-shaped elements, 1.8 million rubles was saved.
Industrial tests of columns with S-shaped elements and diameters up to 5m, carried out in 1966,
confirmed the high degree of separation obtainable in these columns. It should be noted that the "Gipro-
neftemash" has also developed a method of designing columns with S-shaped plates.
The basic element of column plates with valved once-through plates is a valve of circular form
which has two long legs and one short one, stamped out together with the valve, which fix the position
of the valve in the plate opening and limit its rise. The short leg is positioned In a special groove in
the base of the plate and ensures a fixed position of the valve when it is open.
Because of the fact that the center of gravity of the valve is shifted in the direction of the long leg,
opening of the valve on increase of gas velocity takes place in the following manner (see Fig.6). Initially
the valve opens on the side of the short leg, up to its stop against the base, toward the stream of liquid.