18Mechanics’ Magazine, XXX, 433–5。 19US Patent no。 3,291(1843)。

20Patent no。 10,495, (1845), Repertory of Patent Inventions, X, 279–82, plate XV; I, 266–9, plate XIV。

21Patent no。 7561 (1838), Repertory of Patent Inventions, X, 279–82, plate XV; Law Times, 80。

Figure 15 (top) Taunton’s windlass

Figure 16 (centre) A more complex version of Taunton’s windlass

Figure 17 (below) Charlton’s patent 1858 (left A and B) Carr’s 1842 patent (right C)

Figure 18Voss’s patent

patented the very similar windlass shown in figure 18。22 It is difficult to say who was the true inventor of the transverse pump-brake handle, but on the whole I would give the credit to Tyzack。 Winches featuring his creeper seem to have been widely copied。 I was unable to access drawings to some further British patents that might be relevant。23

We will consider together two windlasses whose inventors lived in the Gloucester, Massachusetts, area。 Adolph Voss (1833–1910) and Roger Williams Wonson (1834– 1920) were both active in the fishing industry。24 Voss’s Ice, Bait and Fish Company supplied bait and flitching knives to the fishery, and several members of the Wonson family were prominent in the business establishment in Gloucester。 Both men applied for American and Canadian patents for similar modifications of the standard windlass。 At this time pump-brake windlass-handles were almost universally fitted in fishing-schooners, and both men proposed adding supplementary fore-and-aft levers, so that four gangs of men could work simultaneously。 Figure 18 is based on Voss’s patent drawing, showing pump-brake levers (A) and auxiliary levers (B)。 Figure 19, showing pump-brakes (A) and extra levers (B) indicates that Wonson’s ideas are more carefully worked out, but I was unable to determine if windlasses of either pattern ever found favour in the industry。 The very fine lines forward characteristic of Banks schooners, is shown at (C)。论文网

Peter Jackson, of New York, applied for several windlass patents。 In the ordinary way, the ratchet mechanism was only needed when the cable was being hove in, not when it was being veered out。 However, there were situations where it might be convenient to reverse the direction of the windlass and several of Jackson’s proposals address this。 The double-acting semi-rotary windlass shown in figure 20。25 Movement will be counter-clockwise when the counter-weighted driving-pawl is in the position shown at (A) and clockwise when at (B)。 Figure 21 is the drawing accompanying a patent of 1856, which also envisaged changing the direction of rotation by repositioning the driving pawl。26 I must say I found his explanation of how this was done very hard to follow。 The warping drum of a windlass (A) could be

22US Patent no。 2,449 (1842)。

23John Coplin, patent no。 1,784 (1856); John Robinson, Patent no。 13,324 (1850); John Dewar Morrison, patent no。 259 (1854)。

24Voss: US Patent no。 401,316 (1889), Canadian Patent no。 32,430 (1889); Wonson: US Patent no。 435,128 (1890), Canadian Patent no。 37,214 (1891)。

25 US Patent no。 13,393 (1855) and no。 1,141 (1861)。

26US Patent no。 16,238 (1856)。

Figure 19 (top)Wonson’s windlass

Figure 20 (below) Jackson’s double-acting semi-rotary windlass(1855 and 1861)

Figure 21(top) Jackson’s 1856patent。

Figure 22 (below) Jackson’s 1858 patent

subject to downward pressure when under load and figure 22 showing the patent of 185827 suggests a way of supporting it by using a prop (B), supported by a prop (C)。 His 1864 patent described a simple method of varying the purchase of the pump- handles。 As shown in figure 23, one end of a chain was fastened to the socket of the pump-handle and then taken round a sprocket wheel (A) at the end of the creeper。 The other end could be fastened either to the socket, (B), or to the pawl-bitt, (C)。 In the latter case, the power was doubled, but of course the chain was brought in at half the speed。 Figure 23 refers to Jackson’s 1864 patent,28 which envisaged using a chain (C) to vary the rate of movement。 If taken over a sprocket (A) and secured to the bitt-post it worked at half the rate, were it secured directly to the socket of the heaver。文献综述