The Smithsonian holds a model of a windlass patented by Frederick Slocum Allen of Gosnold, Massachussetts in 1876。 The driving mechanism is shown in figure 24。29 The push-pawl (A) is operated by the lever (B)。 (C) is the retaining pawl。

Charles Perley of New York, applied for several patents involving windlasses and capstans, one of which involved a double-acting ratchet。 When preparing to anchor cable needed to be hauled up from the cable-locker by hand and flaked down on deck。 Perley developed what he called a ‘jigger windlass’, a double-acting semi- rotary gadget that made the task less arduous。 This is shown in figure 25。30 He also patented a replaceable heaver-head (A) as shown in figure 26。

27US Patent no。 22,134 (1858)。

28US Patent no。 41,222 (1864)。

29Patent no。 183,101 (1876)。

30 US Patent no。 5,497 (1848), no。 7,532 (1850) and no。 1,603 (1864)。

Figure 23 (top) Jackson’s 1864 patent

Figure 24 (below) Allen’s windlass model and diagram Figure 25 (above left) Perley’ s jigger windlass

Figure 26 (above right)Perley’s replaceable heaver head

Figure 27 (top) Fairles’s patent 1808, showing cranks (B) at ends of barrel (A) Figure 28 (above left) Fairles’s high-ratio crank

Figure 29 (above right) Fairles’s medium-ratio crank

Geared windlasses

A second group of windlasses embody methods of temporarily increasing torque, usually but not exclusively by the use of gears。 When weighing, breaking an anchor out of the ground, if it were too firmly embedded, was greatly facilitated if the capstan or windlass could ‘shift into low gear’。 Nicholas Fairles, of South Shields, patented a windlass in 1808, which featured a gear train driven by cranks (figure 27)。31 Figures 28 and 29 show his barrel driven at different gear ratios。

In 1810, John Galvin of Philadelphia patented the windlass shown in figure 30。 No description survives, but the ends of the handspikes (A), united by the swifter (B), were inserted into the wheel (D), and turned a spur gear (C)。 This engaged gear-wheel (E), on the same axis as the barrel。 The ratchet (F) was engaged by the retaining-pawl (G)。32

In 1814 Michael Larkin suggested inserting the handspikes into discs of larger diameter than the barrel as a means of increasing torque, as seen in figure 31。33 It looks to be a clumsy and impractical plan。在十九世纪初，船舶锚索链的操纵是一个包含诸多创新的学科。在军舰上，全体船员通过起锚机操纵锚索链。在商船上，由于空间的不足和人力的缺乏，绞盘是最好的选择。本文探讨了起锚机从传统手摇形态发展到使用（防倒转的）棘轮，齿轮和链轮来提高其操纵锚索链的能力。锚机的操作一直受到科学研究院的关注，并且在英国和美国发明了很多专利，从而证明了在蒸汽应用之前，科学和实践创新影响锚索链操纵技术的发展。

关键词：锚机，绞盘，锚索链，链条，船舶、海洋科技、造船学，科学研究院

军舰上有大量的人员，所以他们使用锚机来操纵锚索链，但是在小商业船上，绞盘成为人们的首选。两者主要的区别是绞盘的主轴是垂直的，而锚机的主轴是水平的。但是两者都可看作牵引绞车，更确切地说是通过缆绳缠绕在卷筒上并且保持拉力在内侧端来保持摩擦力。几个世纪以来，这些设备基本上保持不变，但是从十八世纪末开始，人们努力地改进和完善传统的绞盘。本文我们的重点是探讨在同一时期对锚机进行的相似的改进和完善。来;自]优Y尔E论L文W网www.youerw.com +QQ752018766-

传统形式的锚机

图1展示了一个典型的老式锚机，它由以下几个部分组成：筒（A）；支柱或者帆船缆柱（B）；棘爪（C）;棘爪缆柱（D）,用于支撑棘爪。图示的缆绳（E）一端固定一个钉子，然后插入榫眼中，通过钩子缠绕，使其清晰地排列在筒上。筒呈八角形，并且每个面上开有方形榫眼。在船尾，通常由两个或者更多的人把方形端操纵杆插入最高面的方形榫眼，然后用力向下拉，每拉一次，筒转动四分之一