摘 要：目的：研究鱼鳞中活性成分提取、制备的最佳工艺及分离方法。方法：采用直接处理及超细粉碎法将鱼鳞制备成膳食纤维；采用热水提取法、均匀设计法从鱼鳞中首先提取鸟嘌呤，紧接着提取胶原蛋白或胶原蛋白肽；采用等电点法、超滤法等对原鱼鳞及鱼鳞渣提取溶液中的鸟嘌呤、胶原蛋白肽及胶原蛋白进行分离；对标样、提取物和分离物采用分光光度计法、红外表征法进行测定。结果：在温度为40℃以下的热水中，持续搅拌进行鸟嘌呤的提取，提取物经用酸化，控制pH为6-6。5时，得到沉淀，提取率为0。8%，产品的红外图显示与标准鸟嘌呤基本一致；均匀设计法提取胶原蛋白和胶原蛋白肽所建立的数学模式为：         

Y=-35449。8+3。53X1+1126。9X2+28796。1X4-8。72X2X2-10。2X1X4-439。1X2X4-5689。1X4X4

优化工艺为：时间：28min，功率：56W，固液比：1：166，盐酸浓度：0。35mol。将原鱼鳞提取溶液经过浓缩降温，离心分离得到胶原蛋白沉淀A`，溶液调节pH值至6。0-6。5，得到白色沉淀A，溶液继续调节pH值至7-7。5得到白色沉淀B，溶液再经过浓缩和超滤后得到C和溶液D，将以上A`、A、B、C和D经冷冻干燥，经红外检测A`、A、B、C和D均为胶原蛋白及鸟嘌呤的混合物。所以等电点法不能将原鱼鳞提取液中的活性成分分离。鱼鳞渣的提取液经过同样的方法处理后，得到白色沉淀E和F，及上清液的冷冻干燥物G，经过红外检测E、G均符合胶原蛋白的特征。水溶性实验表明E不溶于水，为胶原蛋白，G可溶于水，为胶原蛋白肽；鱼鳞经预处理直接超细粉碎，其产品膨胀力为：11。05mL/g；持油力为：19。28g/g；持水力为：23。17g/g；葡萄糖吸附力为：43。54mg/g；葡萄糖透析延迟指数为：60min时GDRI为46。   

结论：鱼鳞中的活性成分可通过首先搅拌辅助热水法进行鸟嘌呤提取，通过酸溶及调节pH法分离得到鸟嘌呤；对提取鸟嘌呤后的残渣，通过均匀设计法提取胶原蛋白和胶原蛋白肽，均匀设计得到的较优条件为：时间28min，功率56W，固液比1：166，盐酸浓度0。35mol/L；通过对鱼鳞热水处理后的残渣进行超细粉碎，得到具有膳食纤维特性的功能性膳食纤维。91196

毕业论文关键词： 鱼鳞、胶原蛋白、胶原蛋白肽、鸟嘌呤、膳食纤维

Abstract :Objective: To study the optimum extraction and preparation methods of active ingredients in fish scales。 Methods:。 The dietary fiber was prepared by using direct processing and ultra-fine grinding method form fish scale。 The extractive containing guanine was extracted by using hot water form fish scale and guanine was separated by using acidification, control pH method。The collagen and collagen peptide were extracted from fish scale residue after extracting guanine by using uniform design method and tested by visible spectrophotometry。 And followed to be separated by using acidification and control pH method too。 The products were determined by infrared spectrophotometry and compared with standard samples。 Results: the extraction rate of guanine was 0。8% that it was under the temperature of 40 DEG C hot water and stirring and then extractive was acidified to form the precipitation at pH 6-6。5。 The infrared spectrum of the freeze drying product of the precipitation was correspond with standard guanin。 The mathematical model of the extraction mixture of the collagen and collagen peptides was obtained by uniform design and Excel, that is: 

Y=-35449。8+3。53X1+1126。9X2+28796。1X4-8。72X2X2-10。2X1X4-439。1X2X4-5689。1X4X4

The optimization process were obtained according to the mathematical model, that is time: 28min, power 56W, solid-liquid ratio 1:166, hydrochloric acid concentration: 0。35mol/L。 A white precipitate A` was obtained after the original scale extraction solution through concentration, cooling, centrifugal separation, continued to adjust the solution pH value to 6。0-6。5 and a white precipitate A was getted and then the solution after getting a white precipitate A continued to adjust the pH value to 7-7。5 and got a white precipitate B。 The solution through concentration and ultrafiltration obtained white precipitate C and solution D。 The infrared spectum of A`,A, B, C and D after dried by freeze drier were not correspond with standard collagen and guanine。 These showed that were a mixture of collagen and guanine, so the isoelectric point method can not used as the extraction method for the separation of active components in original scale。 The scale slag was treated with the same method, white precipitate E and F and the freeze-dried substance G of the supernatant fluid were obtained。 After infrared detection, E and G were all conformed to the characteristics of collagen。 Experimental results show that the E is insoluble in water, G is soluble。 So E is collagen,G is collagen peptide。 The fish scales were treated by direct ultrafine grinding,the expansion force of its product is 11。05mL/g; oil holding capacity is 19。28g/g; holding water power is 23。17g/g; glucose adsorption force is 43。54mg/g; glucose dialysis delay index is: GDRI is 46 in 60min。 Conclusion: the active ingredient in the fish scales can be successively obtained, that is the guanine first was getted by hot water extracted and regulation of pH separated; then the collagen and collagen peptides can be obtained by uniform design method extracted from fish scale residue after extracting guanine and regulation of pH separated。 A optimize parameters from uniform design is time: 28min, power 56W, solid ratio 1:166, hydrochloric acid concentration 0。35mol/L。 The functional dietary fiber with the characteristic of dietary fiber was obtained by ultra-fine grinding the residue after hot water treatment。