1。4  Research Method

1。3。1 Materials

The examples in this paper are sourced from the Translator’s guide to Chinglish ( Joan Pinkham, 2000)。 Every example contains three parts: source text, draft translation and revision。 The source texts are from political publications like Selected Works of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai。 Joan Pinkham, author of the Translator’s guide to Chinglish, once engaged in Foreign Languages Press and the Central Translation Bureau (Bureau for the Compilation and Translation of Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin) as a polisher in Beijing during the 1980s and 1990s。 The draft translations are written directly in English by Chinese translators and the revisions are revised by both Chinese and foreign polishers, including the author herself。 The examples selected in this paper are full with common Chinglish mistakes of logical connectives in the Chinese-English translation。 In this paper, the term Chinglish tends to be used in a humorous or derogatory fashion to characterize English texts that have been translated literally from the Chinese。

This paper attempts to analyze the difference among the source texts, the draft translations and the revisions and examine the Chinglish mistakes of logical connectives, which is helpful for studying the explicitation strategies in Chinese-English translation, because it provides a perspective of a native speaker of English, which to some extent helps get rid of influence of Chinese thinking pattern。 Therefore, this paper selects the examples from the Translator’s guide to Chinglish for research on translation explicitation of logical connectives。

1。4。2  Analysis 

Under the guidance of the theories of cohesion and translation explicitation, this paper endeavors to conduct a contrast study among the Chinese original and the draft translation and the revision。 Analysis of examples involves how to determine the implied logical relation in the Chinese discourse, how to make a correct connection between sentences by adding cohesive connectives and why the logical connectives need to made explicit in the translation, and so on。 

2。Literature Review

2。1  Previous Studies on Logical Connectives

Logical connectives include conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating, adverbs, adverbial phrases, and so on。 Some English scholars strongly call for the need for logical connections between ideas。 “Nowhere is this more important than in the domain of logical connectives。 Most often, when relations between ideas have only to be suggested in Chinese, they must be plainly stated in English。” (Joan Pinkham, 2000, p。377) Barzum and Graff (1957, p。377) make the point succinctly when they advise writers that “ to be heard and heeded you must do more than lay your ideas side by side…you must articulate them。” A thoughtful analysis of the English or a careful comparison with the Chinese helps the translator add logical connectives, holding the English discourse together, rather than simply have the two ideas “laid side by side” without any apparent logical connection。 论文网

Joan Pinkham（2000, p。381） holds that “ Chinese translators run less risk of sprinkling a text with too many “however”s and “moreover”s than of failing to insert enough of them to provide coherence。” Thus, how to make logical connectives explicit in English translations is a very important research topic in itself, particularly for Chinese translators。

2。2  Previous Research on Explicitation of Logical Connectives

The research on translation explicitation shows that the translation is more explicit than the original, as evidenced by the obvious increase of logical connectives in the translation ( Blum-Kulka, S。,1986)。 Zeng’s study (2014) reveals that language system, text system and the translator are three influencing factors for different degrees of explicitation。