Manner: be perspicuous

(i) Avoid obscurity

(ii) Avoid ambiguity

(iii) Be brief

(iv) Be orderly

And what can a speaker do regard with this principle? There are two options, whether to observe or to flout。 Yan Huang called conversational implicatures that ostentatiously flout the principle conversational implicature。F and those strictly observe the conversational implicature。O in Pragmatics, Yan Huang, 2012。

Thirdly, Sperber and Wilson (1986,1995) put forward that in communication, the human cognitive system works as to tend to maximize relevance with respect to communication。 That is the central thesis of relevance theory。  Thus,  the  theories  of  communication  can  be  pided  into  two  models:  the  code  model  and the

inferential model。 The code model is about simple coding as the speaker talks and decoding as the audience listen。 While the inferential model means communication is achieved by expressing and recognizing intentions, which is also called the ostensive - inferential communication。文献综述

Finally, Cheng Yumin concluded those previous theories and exemplified by himself。 When language is put to use, this systematic combination of form and content in turn becomes the form of a speech event, which is meant by the speaker and understood by the hearer to indicate, to hint at, the content of the speech event (the things we want to say, which is referred as the message)。 (The Interpretation of Linguistic Signs And the Role of Inference, Cheng Yumin, 1990, CUHK Papers in Linguistics, No。 3, October, 1991)

Cheng Yumin indicates the dual relationship as the following table: