- 上一篇：浅析《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观
- 下一篇：《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的悲剧命运
Chapter two is an introduction to intercultural nonverbal communication. It is pided into two parts. The first part mainly introduces the two types of intercultural communication and the differences between verbal communication and nonverbal communication. The second part reviews the functions and categories of nonverbal communication.
In chapter three, the author explores four kinds of pragmatic failures in Chinese-English intercultural nonverbal communication.
In chapter four, the author explores the reasons why pragmatic failures occur in Chinese-English intercultural nonverbal communication and the cultural differences in Chinese-English nonverbal communication. The author also gives some possible countermeasures on how to avoid pragmatic failure in English-Chinese intercultural nonverbal communication.
Chapter five serves as a conclusion.
.II. Intercultural Nonverbal Communication
This chapter is pided into two parts. The first part mainly introduces the two types of intercultural communication and the differences between verbal communication and nonverbal communication. The second part reviews the functions and categories of nonverbal communication.
2.1 Cross-cultural Communication
Cross-cultural communication refers to communication between people from different cultures. We prefer cross-cultural communication to the more general term intercultural communication because cross-cultural communication seems more restrictive. It implies a comparison among cultures. Samovar, Porter & Stefan (60) defines it as “the communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.”
Cross-cultural communication can be pided into verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is simply the communication that is expressed through words. What you say is verbal communication. What you don’t say is nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is vital to healthy relationships, businesses and groups. Although only ten percent of what is said actually makes it way into a person’s long-term memory bank, verbal communication plays an essential role in daily life. It’s seen when the President makes a speech, a teacher lectures, etc.
Nonverbal communication is one of the specific elements of cross-cultural communication. Then, what is the definition of nonverbal communication? In the literal meaning, nonverbal communication is to communicate without words or by using body language. Generally speaking, we expose our feeling not only by using language, the important communicate tool, but also with some body language, facial expressions, etc. Our facial expressions, gestures and other body actions all express others some information. For instance, we smile and reach out our hands to welcome, frown to express dissatisfaction, wave our hands to say goodbye, and when we listen to lectures or reports, our body against the chair, yawning to express that we are bored and not interested in it. And the process that we convey information through these nonverbal behaviors to communicate is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication often occurs through the interaction of all these three elements: the speaker (dress, physical appearance, distance maintained), the receiver (posture, facial expression, special concept), and the situation as perceived by the sender and the receiver (the object, the environment, and the time of the interaction).So during intercultural communication, if the relationships among them cannot be dealt well with, pragmatic failures would happen.