II。 Lesson Planning 

2。1 Definition of Lesson Planning

Lesson planning deals with making decisions in advance about what the aims to be achieved, materials to be covered, activities to be organized, and techniques and resources to be used in order to achieve the aims of the lesson。 Lesson planning of ordinary primary and secondary school curriculum refers to policy files which is formulated by national education department includes relevant curriculum, order, class hours allocation policy documents and curriculum management, etc。 It aims to achieve the goal of the foundation education at all levels at the guidance of the national education goal and policy。文献综述

2。2 Element of a Lesson Planning

The term “Lesson” is considered as a unified set of activities popularly which cover a period of classroom time。 These classroom time units are administratively crucial for teachers because of their representing “steps” along a curriculum。 Variations are abundant, but experienced teachers would generally agree on the following indispensable elements of a lesson planning。

(1) Goals refer to the entire purpose which teachers will try to complete at the end of a class time。 This goal may be very pervasive, and serves as a unifying theme usually stated in the syllabus, which in turn is introduced according to the main textbook to be used。 And teachers should complete a certain number of parts in the book after a certain date。 At the same time, teachers are often offered with a lot of supplementary materials and activities which are available。 Its syllabus will often have a list of language items at its core whether or not the course is tied to a particular textbook: The assumption being made is that these language items will be novel for students and should therefore be introduced to them according to the order of the syllabus。 If a teacher knows the goals of a lesson planning, he will design his teaching plan clearly to achieve the goals。 

(2) Objectives are the most clearly captured in terms of stating what student will do in or gain from the lesson。 When objectives are stated, distinguishes are usually listed between terminal and enabling objectives。 Terminal objectives are usually considered as final learning outcomes which you will need to measure and evaluate。 Enabling objectives are interior steps which can build upon each other and reach a terminal objective。 According to different objectives, different teaching plans and teaching methods should be designed by teachers so that they will adapt themselves to different students and subjects。来-自~优+尔=论.文,网www.youerw.com +QQ752018766-

(3)Material and equipment are good planning tactics which always indicate the importance of telling teachers what you need to take with you or to arrange to have in your classroom。 The textbook is the main teaching material。 The acute teacher who makes full use of time to spare can move around the material, discard parts of the units that is appropriate to her and select what she wants to use。 Other materials may include things which help her to implement her plan, such as OHP (overheard projector), color chalk, tape recorder and so on。 The point that Material and equipment is double-edged sword is right, because they are very important for teachers because the teachers could use appropriate methods in different subjects for their students。

(4) In general, a lesson planning at the procedures includes three aspects。 “Warm up” is the first one that will be introduced because it is an opening statement or activity。 Secondly, a set of activities and techniques is considered as appropriate proportions of time for whole class work, group and pair work, teacher talk and student talk。 The third one is closure, which is required for planning activities and also includes many aspects, such as, how the activities fit the objectives, the differences among activities, which activities demand oral and written work, which demand visual work, and which have tactile elements。