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摘 要梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》大量引用儒家经典,其个性、思想与中国的道家、墨家有很多相似之处。本文从《瓦尔登湖》出发，在整体上分析了中国古典文化对以爱默生、梭罗为代表的超验主义的影响，进而研究中国文化在美国的传播、发展。梭罗承认人性本善，这也促使梭罗去瓦尔登湖畔修身养性，去真实地认识自己。本文着重研究了梭罗对中国古典思想的接受，这不仅有助于解释超验主义对中国古典思想的继承与传播，对于促进中西文化的交流也有重要意义。21716
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关键词：超验主义；中国古典文化；道家思想；梭罗
Abstract Thoreau’s Walden references to many Confucian classics, There are many similarities between Thoreau’s personality, thought and Chinese Taoist, Mohists . This paper applies Walden to analysis the whole Chinese classical culture influence transcendentalism represented by Emerson, Thoreau. And then studies how Chinese culture spreads and develops in the United States. It prompts that Thoreau went to Walden, he lived at Walden, tried to find the truly himself. This paper studies the Thoreau’s receiving of Chinese classical thought, it not only helps explain the transcendentalist that inherited and spread Chinese classical thoughts, but also play a very important role to promote the communication between Chinese and western culture .
Key words: transcendentalism;Chinese classical culture;Taoist;Thoreau
Analysis on the Impact of Confucianism and Taoism on Transcendentalism Based on Thoreau’s Walden
Contents
摘 要....i
Abstractii
I. Introduction..1
II.An approach of Transcendentalism to Walden2
2.1Transcendentalism and Walden.2
2.2 Transcendentalism and Thoreau4
III.The Chinese Culture in Walden.6
3.1Thoreau and Chinese Culture..6
3.2 Confucianism in Walden7
3.3 Taoism in Walden8
IV. The Influence on Transcendentalism by Chinese Culture10
4.1Transcendentalism of Thoreau and Chinese Culture10
4.2Against of Substances, Pursuit of Spiritual 10
4.3Thoreau’s “Oversoul”and Taoist View of Nature12
V. Conclusion13
Bibliography15
Acknowledgments 16
I. Introduction
Walden is a book about Thoreau who lived alone for 26 months at Walden. This book describes the four seasons scenery, dawn evening, the boat fish, animals and birds, which reveals a deep natural thought.
At the beginning of Walden，Thoreau emphasized that the own value does not dependents on human of natural and he believed that the value of natural can not equal to economical and practical value.What’more, Thoreau criticizes contemporaries society prevalent custom of commercialism and materialism, supports wanted to maintain a balance between civilization and wilderness.
Walden is a book about transcendentalism and influenced by Chinese classical culture,especially Taoist. It’s just like Lin Yutang’s saying “Thoreau’s outlook on life is the most like Chinese of all Americans. As a Chinese person, I am affiliated with Thoreau. If I translated Thoreau’s articles into Chinese, I belive that there is no one suspected those were Chinese people wrote.”(qtd. in Xie Zhichao 24) Also Lin Yutang pointed that Chuang Tzu’s thought is very similar to Thoreau’s thought.
Chinese classical culture advocating the identity of the universe as Chuang Tzu syncretism between earth and man. Later, Dong Zhongshu developed the thought to a ideological system .In the Taoist view, the harmony between man and earth, “earth”in syncretism between earth and man”is nature, human is a part of nature.It is just as Lao Tzu said: “Man follows the way of Earth ,Earth follows the way of Heaven, Heaven follows the way of the Tao, and the Tao follows the way of itself.”(84)Human and even the Earth ,both of them are natural products --allthing includes birth and death.Taoism advocates back to nature and so does Thoreau.Otherwise, “Water” is another common thing in wrings of Thoreau, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. As we all know “The wise find pleasure in water; the virtuous find pleasure in hills.”(87) Thoreau looks water like a spirit of peaceful and clarity, he believes that Walden is a beautiful place can measure human’s soul. Manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness and harbor few desires. is a realm of Taoist pursuit to.