2。1 Formation and Development of Freudian Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a distinguished Austrian neurologist, one of the most predominant personage in contemporary thought, as well as the father of modern psychoanalysis。 He completely revolutionized how the Western world thinks of the mind and human behavior and was the first European to study the idea of the unconscious。 Moreover, the influence of Freud, which has had upon the thinking between the 20th and 21st centuries, has swept throughout Western culture and into the international creative arts。 His major works include The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904), Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905), Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Grapa (1905) and Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics (1913) etc。

The most significant theory of Freud is Freudian psychoanalysis, which is a clinical way of treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst。 In the first place, Freudian 

psychoanalysis is not only the study of the phenomenon and the rules of human mental activities, but also one type of universal philosophical theory on the understanding of human thought and behavior。 In the second place, Freudian psychoanalysis is an analytic method of cognitive psychology and behaviourism with the techniques such as the analysis of sex, dream and spirit。

Psychoanalysis originated at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century。 At first, the idea of psychoanalysis began to be highly valued under Sigmund Freud。 He was trying his best to find a practical therapy for patients with neuropathic or hysterical symptoms。 By 1900, Freud had made the dreams which had symbolic significance theorization。 And then Freud made out his second psychological theory— which study whether the unconscious has the symbolic and enriched thoughts。 This theory was delivered in his book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)。 文献综述

2。2 Key Elements of Freud’s Personality Theory

There are several major theories in psychoanalysis, the most vital one is Freud's personality theory which is the major target of this paper。 It is constitutive of the theory of personality structure and the theory of personality development。

Above all, personality structure theory is pided into two parts by Sigmund Freud: the first part is consciousness and the second part is subconsciousness。 Consciousness is the highest form of human psychological states and the head of human mental factors。 It dominates the whole spiritual world and guarantees the harmony of its movements。 It is under the consciousness’s command and control that the spiritual life has the characteristics of stabilization and rationality。 unconsciousness is part of the concept and idea of consciousness because it is excluded from consciousness but hangs around consciousness, and it is much easier to enter into the ideological domain。 It is subconsciousness beyond consciousness and preconsciousness, which is the most primitive part in human spirit。 In the inner world, subconsciousness is kept at the deepest level, but in the meanwhile it is the most active and always thinks of a way to emerge in the surface layer of consciousness。 

The distinguished “Iceberg Principle” interprets the personality structure theory perfectly: consciousness, what the mental events we realized, is a tiny proportion above the water, but it does not occupy an leading position。 Pre-consciousness, which sometimes emerges from the seawater and sometimes is submerged by ocean waves, plays the role as the bridge between consciousness and sub-consciousness。 Sub-consciousness, the most highlighted part, hides in the deep unseen bottom of sea。 Besides, pre-consciousness and sub-consciousness can be collectively under the title of unconsciousness。  弗洛伊德人格理论角度解析《无名的裘德》中裘德的人格(3):http://www.youerw.com/yingyu/lunwen_105679.html