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总的来说，企业自身的安全管理水平决定了项目实际的安全水平，员工的安全意识可以在培训教育中得到提升，但管理人员的水平直接决定了发现安全隐患的水平。在发现问题之后，及时汇报不拖延是最佳的事故应急预案。6443
关键词：建筑安全事故；“五大伤害事故”；重大危险有害因素；安全评价
Safety assessment and measures research on a construction enterprise
Abstract: In recent years, construction safety accidents have caused large-scale casualties and property losses. After the National security department has issued new safety regulations and standards, how to establish a more perfect construction safety responsibility system has become a serious problem for the moment. A comprehensive analysis of these accidents on construction sites can be seen mainly on “five accidents”, namely: collapse accident, falling accident, objects-knocking accident, electric-shocking accident and mechanical injury accident. To prevent these accidents, it requires extremely tough circumstances. Firstly, we should find out the major risk for construction projects and harmful factors, and then carry out safety evaluation effectively. Next, make risk analysis on two aspects (qualitative and quantitative analysis) of these harmful factors. Finally put forward effective safety measures, so as to prevent accidents from the causes. Enterprise itself should improve its culture and spend more on building safety facilities. Moreover, the slogan “safety first or mainly prevention” should be added to make safety management more regularly and the work conveniently. Despite of the regulations enacted by the government, safety problems always occur, which releases the trouble in oversees and the lack of measures on construction enterprises.
The security situation in the construction industry for the project is used as the background and a construction enterprise as the object. Through selecting domestic and foreign literature data from the safety realm in recent years , combined with laws and regulations of general and local standards in construction industry, and a real-time research on the enterprise, as well as the identification of dangerous and harmful factors of potential safety hazard, and the evaluation method of safety system engineering in the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the construction project, thus putting forward the management and technical improvement of these safety measures. In the process of evaluation, it needs a large amount of technical data, which is the project information, including the construction plan, construction log, checking table and safety tests, etc. Safety assessment is carried out with two aspects through qualitative and quantitative ways. The qualitative way is the LEC method, which evaluation includes all kinds of dangerous and harmful factors in the construction project of the enterprise, through field research continuously, statistic of the dangerous and harmful factors in the construction process using the numbers and its frequency into 3 parameter values, scores leading to accidents, the score of exposure to hazardous environmental values and accident loss scores, the result is the actual risk of construction project of the enterprise value, the greater the calculated value , the greater risk it will cause to the accidents. The quantitative way is the FTA method, which evaluation is the basic cause of the accident, which may lead to whole-building project, based on the qualitative evaluation summary from the outside to the inside after a deep analysis, and a summary of the process. Overall construction safety accidents are always the causes as followed: the defects in corporate management, people's unsafe behavior, unsafe condition of bad weather conditions and the operation process. Enterprise management deficiency is the prerequisite for three other reasons as well as the necessary condition for safety accidents. No one can reach the top place in the management work, especially based on a huge engineering program. Unsafe behavior of humans, including all kinds of personnel illegal behavior, should be extremely responsible, eliminating managing factors. No-centered attention, no safety awareness and unknown causes of incorrect operation are three basic reasons. Materials and equipment failure, refers to equipment fault of construction machine and the equipment itself; it can also be described as the safety device has no safety prevention, while refers to all kinds of equipment getting with safety protection device, and refers to high floors of the protective railing or parapet. The harsh working surroundings, commonly means the high temperature, low temperature, rain and other weather conditions, and the objective condition including noise and dust of the employees which could not be avoided. Security measures can be pided into technical measures and management measures. The management measures include project safety management, safety training, safety inspection, technical disclosure, responsible working system and safety signs. Technical measures are more for dangerous and harmful factors which can easily lead to all kinds of construction safety accidents.