The relevant theoretical issues and empirical studies of nativization of English are mainly discussed in this section。 Specifically, the literature review starts from the international context to the Chinese context, trying to analyze nativization in terms of its manifestation。 

2。1 Previous Studies of Nativization of English 来,自.优;尔:论[文|网www.youerw.com +QQ752018766-

In the context of English, the term “nativization” shows the changes while English has experienced as a result of its contact with various languages in different cultural and geographical settings in the outer Circle of English such as South Asia, South East Asia, West Africa, Malaysia。 (Kachru, 2009)。 The course of nativization of English at different linguistic levels caused the “deviations” in the new varieties of English (Pandharipande, 1987)。 According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word “nativization” was first employed by Kachru in 1977，to express a process of language change by which the new variety of English becomes distinct from the parent imported variety, and from other nativized varieties elsewhere。

There exist two different opinions in the case of the nativization of English - one insists on “sole-standard” with the famous British linguist and the other advocates “multi-standard” with the famous Indian linguist。 Quirk, (as the representative of the first opinion), affirms the importance of English worldwide in his “the use of English”。 But he rejects the use of identificational terms such as “Singapore English”, “South Asia English”, and “Philippine English”, and characterizes them as “misleading, if not entirely false”(Quirk, 1968, as cited in Zhang, 2009)。