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3.3 Two Predominant Types of Frames in Media Research
According to Chong and Druckman, framing research has mainly focused on two types of frames: equivalency and emphasis frames. (Chong & Druckman, 2007: 103-126) Equivalency frames offer "different, but logically equivalent phrases," which cause inpiduals to alter their preferences, while emphasis frames offer "qualitatively different yet potentially relevant considerations" which inpiduals use to make judgments. ( Tversky & Kahneman, 1987: 67-94) These two types of frames will be discussed with relevant examples in chapter 4.3.
4 Analyses of Translation Deviations in Reprinted Reports
Among all kinds of deviations in news report translation, deviation in titles takes up a considerable portion, while the majority of the deviations lie in the text. The following part of the paper will analyze the essence of translation deviations in reprinted reports from three perse angles: the causes of deviation, the methods of intentional deviation, and the types of frames used in the discourse.
4.1 Analysis by Causes
4.1.1 Deviations due to Political Sensitivity
Due to both the political atmosphere in China as well as the need to maintain a positive political image of our nation, both the titles of the reports and the text of the report are usually modified in meanings, focuses and structures, as is illustrated in the example below:
(1) Original text (the Independent, September 2nd, 2011): China moves in on Western Solar Power Industries
Translated text (the Global Times, September 3rd, 2011): 美国太阳能产业衰退不能只怨中国
In this example, the original meaning of the title is more inclined to express China’s threat to the solar power industries in the western world. However, the translated version seems to be changing the meaning of the title to another extreme, putting the blame on western solar power industries themselves without mentioning the concerns of the original report. Though the text of the report does partially express that the crisis in western solar power industries comes from other sources as well, the deviation in the focus of the title can still cause a great change in the overall tone of the report. The following example also holds the same feature:
(2) Original text (the Financial Times, October 10th, 2011): The Dragon’s Appetite for Soy Stokes Brazilian Protectionism
Translated text (the Global Times, October 12th, 2011): 巴西人没必要担心“中国入侵”
In this example, the original title is focused on the trade protectionism conducted by Brazil due to the large amount of soy purchase by Chinese investors. However, the translated version is more like a persuasion that there is no need to worry about the threat of China. Due to the generally acknowledged belief that China is now having a peaceful rise on the international stage, such titles as may cause negative effects on the international image of China are often modified.
The following example shows the same situation as the two examples above, but this time in the text, instead of the title:
(3) Original text (the Financial Times, November 8th, 2011): Workers also work 48 hour weeks against the legislated norm of 40 hours in China, which is already long enough.
Translated text (the Global Times, November 10th, 2011):（工人）每周工作48小时，多于中国法定的40小时。
In this example, the attributive clause in the end of the sentence, “which is already long enough” is omitted in order to avoid forming a negative image for the working conditions of workers in China, which ignores the bias and inclination in the original text but still maintains the basic truth of the news discourse.
4.1.2 Deviations due to Prettification Reasons
Though some of the titles or content of the news reports are not involved in the category of political sensitivity, there still lies some sort of deviation during the course of their translation, the reason of which can be attributed to the need to further extend the positive political image of the country in the reports. See the example below: